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51.
Tsutomu Takashima 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1976,43(1):213-232
The diffuse radiation in the upward direction at the top and at an internal level of an inhomogeneous atmosphere is computed at =0.40 m. The surface is assumed to reflect light in accordance with a hybrid mode of a diffuse and specular reflector. The objective is to estimate the effect of underlying surface characteristics in terms of the diffuse radiation field. By making use of these results, accuracy in monitoring the atmospheric aerosols would be increased for the use of remote sensing satellite techniques. Junge power lawv
*=3 is adopted for the size distribution of aerosols (1963), while the data given by McClatchyet al. (1971) is used for the number density of aerosols with height distribution. It is noted from the computations that the diffuse reflection radiation is affected by the surface characteristics, even if the albedo of the surface is a fixed constant and very small.On leave from the Meterological Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.bl]References 相似文献
52.
53.
Shuji TAMAMURA Tsutomu SATO Yukie OTA Ning TANG Kazuichi HAYAKAWA 《《地质学报》英文版》2006,80(2):185-191
The fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) residing in the atmosphere has received enormous attention in recent years due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic risks on human health. In this context, the stability of pyrene (as a representative PAHs) on quartz, alumina, montmorillonite, kaolinite, humic acid and quartz coated with sorbed humic acid was investigated at controlled relative humidity (RH: i.e. 5% and 30%) without light irradiation in order to detect the presence of catalytic effect of mineral surface on PAHs decomposition. The stability of pyrene was found to depend strongly on the physicochemical properties of the substrates. Quartz showed a strong catalytic effect for the decomposition of pyrene even though it was coated with sorbed humic acid. Pyrene sorbed on montmorillonite and humic acid remained stable during the experimental period (i.e. 3 days). Moisture in the experimental cell also affected the stability of pyrene in particular minerals. Especially, pyrene sorbed on alumina was rapidly decomposed at higher RH. However, there were almost no effect in the case of quartz, kaolinite and humic acid. Depending on the physicochemical properties of aerosols and RH, PAHs associated with minerals in the atmosphere would be decomposed and/or stably reside in the atmosphere. 相似文献
54.
Tsutomu Ota Atsushi Utsunomiya Yuko Uchio Yukio Isozaki Mikhail M. Buslov Akira Ishikawa Shigenori Maruyama Koki Kitajima Yoshiyuki Kaneko Hiroshi Yamamoto Ikuo Katayama 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2007,30(5-6):666-695
The Gorny Altai region in southern Siberia is one of the key areas in reconstructing the tectonic evolution of the western segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This region features various orogenic elements of Late Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic age, such as an accretionary complex (AC), high-P/T metamorphic (HP) rocks, and ophiolite (OP), all formed by ancient subduction–accretion processes. This study investigated the detailed geology of the Upper Neoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic rocks in a traverse between Gorno-Altaisk city and Lake Teletskoy in the northern part of the region, and in the Kurai to Chagan-Uzun area in the southern part. The tectonic units of the studied areas consist of (1) the Ediacaran (=Vendian)–Early Cambrian AC, (2) ca. 630 Ma HP complex, (3) the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian OP complex, (4) the Cryogenian–Cambrian island arc complex, and (5) the Middle Paleozoic fore-arc sedimentary rocks. The AC consists mostly of paleo-atoll limestone and underlying oceanic island basalt with minor amount of chert and serpentinite. The basaltic lavas show petrochemistry similar to modern oceanic plateau basalt. The 630 Ma HP complex records a maximum peak metamorphism at 660 °C and 2.0 GPa that corresponds to 60 km-deep burial in a subduction zone, and exhumation at ca. 570 Ma. The Cryogenian island arc complex includes boninitic rocks that suggest an incipient stage of arc development. The Upper Neoproterozoic–Lower Paleozoic complexes in the Gorno-Altaisk city to Lake Teletskoy and the Kurai to Chagan-Uzun areas are totally involved in a subhorizontal piled-nappe structure, and overprinted by Late Paleozoic strike-slip faulting. The HP complex occurs as a nappe tectonically sandwiched between the non- to weakly metamorphosed AC and the OP complex. These lithologic assemblages and geologic structure newly documented in the Gorny Altai region are essentially similar to those of the circum-Pacific (Miyashiro-type) orogenic belts, such as the Japan Islands in East Asia and the Cordillera in western North America. The Cryogenian boninite-bearing arc volcanism indicates that the initial stage of arc development occurred in a transient setting from a transform zone to an incipient subduction zone. The less abundant of terrigenous clastics from mature continental crust and thick deep-sea chert in the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian AC may suggest that the southern Gorny Altai region evolved in an intra-oceanic arc-trench setting like the modern Mariana arc, rather than along the continental arc of a major continental margin. Based on geological, petrochemical, and geochronological data, we synthesize the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic tectonic history of the Gorny Altai region in the western CAOB. 相似文献
55.
A simplified seismic design procedure for steel portal frame piers installed with hysteretic dampers is proposed, which falls into the scope of performance‐based design philosophy. The fundamental goal of this approach is to design a suite of hysteretic damping devices for existing and new bridge piers, which will assure a pre‐defined target performance against future severe earthquakes. The proposed procedure is applicable to multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems, utilizing an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom methodology with nonlinear response spectra (referred to as strength‐demanded spectra) and a set of formulae of close‐form expressions for the distribution of strength and stiffness produced in the structure by the designed hysteretic damping devices. As an illustrative example, the proposed procedure is applied to a design of a simple steel bridge pier of portal frame type with buckling‐restrained braces (one of several types of hysteretic dampers). For the steel portal frame piers, an attempt is made to utilize not only the displacement‐based index but also the strain‐based index as pre‐determined target performance at the beginning of design. To validate this procedure, dynamic inelastic time‐history analyses are performed using the general‐purpose finite element program ABAQUS. The results confirm that the proposed simplified design procedure attains the expected performance level as specified by both displacement‐based and strain‐based indices with sufficient accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
56.
Ken Yanagisawa Fumihiko Imamura Tsutomu Sakakiyama Tadashi Annaka Tomoyoshi Takeda Nobuo Shuto 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(2-3):565-576
The present study focuses on evaluation of the maximum and minimum water levels caused by tsunamis as risk factors for operation
and management at nuclear power facilities along the coastal area of Japan. Tsunamis generated by submarine earthquakes are
examined, basing literature reviews and databases of information on historical tsunami events and run-up heights. For simulation
of water level along the coast, a numerical calculation system should be designed with computational regions covering a particular
site. Also the calculation system should be verified by comparison of historical and calculated tsunami heights. At the beginning
of the tsunami assessment, the standard faults, their locations, mechanisms and maximum magnitudes should be carefully estimated
by considering historical earthquake-induced tsunamis and seismo-tectonics at each area. Secondly, the range of errors in
the model parameters should be considered since earthquakes and tsunamis are natural phenomena that involve natural variability
as well as errors in estimating parameters. For these reasons, uncertainty-induced errors should be taken into account in
the process of tsunami assessment with parametric study of the tsunami source model. The element tsunamis calculated by the
standard fault models with the errors would be given for the design. Then, the design tsunami can be selected among the element
tsunamis with the most significant impact, maximum and minimum water levels, on the site, bearing in mind the possible errors
in the numerical calculation system. Finally, the design tsunami is verified by comparison with the run-up heights of historical
tsunamis, ensuring that the design tsunami is selected as the highest of all historical and possible future tsunamis at the
site. 相似文献
57.
Tsutomu Takashima 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1974,30(2):309-313
If the atmosphere is simulated by a number of homogeneous sublayers, it was shown (Takashima, 1973a) that the intensity and polarization parameters emerging from any boundary of internal sublayer's field can be determined, provided that the diffuse reflection and transmission matrices of radiation of sublayers are known. Furthermore, if the surface (ground) is assumed to reflect light in accordance with the Lambert law, it is shown in this paper that the internal radiation field at boundary of any sublayer can be also computed in terms of the diffuse radiation matrices of sublayers rather than in terms of that of the entire atmosphere (Sekera, unpublished). The effect of polarization is included. 相似文献
58.
Tsutomu T. Takeuchi 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2000,271(3):213-226
To determine the exact shape of the luminosity function (LF) of galaxies is one of the central problems in galactic astronomy
and observational cosmology. The most popular method to estimate the LF is maximum likelihood, which is clearly understood
with the concepts of the information theory. In the field of information theory and statistical inference, great advance has
been made by the discovery of Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). It enables us to perform a direct comparison among different
types of model swith different numbers of parameters, and provides us a common basis of the model adequacy. In this paper
we applied AIC to the determination of the shape of the LF. We first treated the estimation using stepwise LF(Efstathiou,
Ellis and Peterson,1988), and derived a formula to obtain the optimal bin number. In addition, we studied the method to compare
the goodness-of-fit of the parametric form (Sandage, Tamman and Yahil, 1979) with stepwise LF.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
59.
Yasuko Mizoguchi Yukio Yasuda Yoshikazu Ohtani Tsutomu Watanabe Yuji Kominami Katsumi Yamanoi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,115(3-4):583-589
Although accurately evaluating photosynthetically active radiation is important, much effort is required to measure this radiation using a quantum sensor. We develop a new model that makes estimates using only general meteorological data—solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and relative humidity. Root mean square deviations for eight datasets at five sites in Japan were smaller than 5.2 %, similar to error in other studies and to individual differences of quantum sensors. Most root mean square deviations of nine previous models and our eight datasets are larger than that of the new estimation model, which performed well. This suggests that the model is useful for estimating photosynthetically active radiation in a temperate, humid area of Japan. 相似文献
60.
Tsutomu Ikeda 《Journal of Oceanography》2014,70(3):289-305
Metabolism (respiration and ammonia excretion rates) and chemical composition data [water content, ash, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and C:N ratios] of a total of between 6–32 species of pteropods (thecosomes and gymnosomes) and heteropods from ≤500 m depth of the world’s oceans were compiled. Among the independent variables designated (body mass, habitat temperature, sampling depth, taxon), body mass and habitat temperature were significant predictors of metabolism, attributing to 85 % of the variance in respiration rates and 69 % of the variance in ammonia excretion rates. Atomic O:N ratios (respiration:ammonia excretion) ranged from 7.0 to 100 (median 14.5), and no appreciable effects of the variables were detected. A significant negative correlation of C and N compositions and habitat temperature was seen only in the thecosomes. As judged by the concomitant increase in C:N ratios with increasing habitat temperature, a greater deposition of inorganic C (as CaCO3–C) in the shell of the warmer-living species was suggested. Compared with other zooplankton (copepods, chaetognaths, and euphausiids), the thecosomes were characterized by higher respiration rates per unit body N and larger ash content by having possession of calcareous shells. Because of the shells, C and N composition expressed as % of dry mass of the thecosomes were lower than those of the other zooplankton taxa. 相似文献