A superposition scheme to obtain fundamental boundary element solutions in multi‐layered elastic media

A superposition scheme is proposed to obtain a fundamental solution for boundary elements in multi‐layered elastic media. A three‐layered elastic region is obtained by superposing two sets of bonded half‐planes and subtracting one infinite plane. Therefore, the solution for an element in a layered media can be expressed in terms of bonded half‐plane solutions and an infinite‐plane solution. The major advantages of this superposition scheme are: (1) it is unnecessary to introduce elements at the interface, (2) it can be extended to higher‐order element, and (3) it may be applicable to three dimensions easily. The accuracy and performance of the developed model is illustrated by two examples. For the problem of a pressurized two‐dimensional crack within a three‐layered system, the comparison with other numerical results shows the model is quite accurate and efficient. The model is also used for a study of a practical two‐dimensional mining problem in South Africa, i.e. stoping through a dyke with material properties different from the host rock. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤的显微煤岩学特征与焦炭强度的关系

摘 要　 为探讨煤的煤岩学特征与焦炭强度之间的关系‚对北京焦化厂所用华北地区26个矿 点的原料煤的煤岩学特征进行了研究‚并对10kg 小焦炉焦炭的强度进行了测定。通过对 M 40 ≥80％矿点煤的统计分析‚表明活性成分含量的最佳范围是63∙40％～69∙40％‚镜质组 平均反射率基本处于1∙12％～1∙36％之间。镜质组反射率分布图谱不仅可以直观地反映活性 成分的大致分布状况‚而且也可以反映原料煤的混合程度。     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗哲斯组宏体化石新发现和沉积相分析

详细的沉积相分析表明内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗南部哲斯组下部为一套滨浅海相地层,上部逐渐向陆相地层转变,代表向上变浅的沉积序列。在西乌珠穆沁旗西南毛登地区前人发现放射虫的哲斯组相同地点和层位发现了宏体的腹足类螺化石及双壳类化石,环境分析表明这些宏体化石应形成于近岸的潮间带或潮下带水体。对中二叠统哲斯组地层进行了横向对比研究,表明哲斯组在内蒙古中东部地区以浅海相和滨浅海相为主体,而非深海洋盆。     

Spatial coherency analysis of seismic ground motions from a rock site dense array implemented during the Kefalonia 2014 aftershock sequence

The objective of studies presented in this paper is to analyse the spatial incoherency of seismic ground motions using signals from a velocimeter dense array located on a rock site, recording the aftershock sequence of the two M6 Kefalonia earthquakes that occurred in January/February 2014 (Kefalonia island, Greece). The analyses are carried out with both horizontal and vertical components of velocigrams for small separation distances of stations (<100 m). The coherencies of seismic ground motions identified from strong motion windows are compared with those identified from coda parts of signals. It is realized that there is no significant difference between the coherencies estimated from those two parts of signals. The influence of earthquake event number on the result of coherencies and the dispersions of coherencies estimated from different earthquake events are presented. Finally, coherencies estimated from the dense array are compared with several coherency models proposed and widely used in the literature. The possibility of modifying some parameters of those existing coherency models to fit with in situ coherencies are discussed and presented. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东准噶尔双泉金矿LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及赋矿岩石地球化学特征

为了解双泉金矿成矿时代及成矿环境,分别对双泉金矿含金石英脉和赋矿岩石进行采样测试分析。高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测年结果表明,双泉金矿含金石英脉加权平均206Pb/238U年龄为(303.53±0.79)Ma,代表了含金石英脉形成年龄,属晚石炭世前后挤压推覆构造体系产物。与双泉金矿主成矿期年龄对比,结合矿区成矿条件及黄铁矿、毒砂等矿物形态特征,认为该金矿的形成不是一期结果,而是经历了预富集、富集的演化历程。赋矿岩石地球化学分析结果表明,岩石的SiO2、K2O、CaO(SiO2=58.82%~89.25%,K2O=1.12%~4.47%,CaO=0.52%~4.47%)含量高,Na2O含量低(Na2O=0.43%~1.76%),A/CNK值大于1,δ值小于3.3,属过铝质、钙碱性岩石,具富钾钙、贫钠镁特点;Ba相对Rb,Th亏损,K2O含量接近活动陆缘K2O含量,TiO2含量与岛弧TiO2含量接近,推断岩体形成于活动陆缘或岛弧环境;稀土元素具弱的负Eu、负Ce异常,(La/Sm)N值较(Gd/Yb)N值大,轻稀土元素分馏程度高于重稀土元素,表明岩浆具壳幔混熔特点。东准噶尔后碰撞阶段早石炭世至二叠纪晚期发生的陆-陆碰撞造山及伸展张弛构造运动可能是造成此结果的主要构造因素。     

The seagrass skeletal assemblage from modern to fossil and from tropical to temperate: Insight from Maldivian and Mediterranean examples

Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that form extensive submarine meadows in the photic zone where carbonate producing biota dwell as epiphytes on the leaves or as infaunal forms, and act as prolific carbonate sediment factories. Because seagrasses have a low preservation potential and records of exceptionally well‐preserved and plant material from marine settings are rare, these palaeoenvironments are difficult to identify in the rock record. Consequently, sedimentological and palaeontological proxies are the main indicators of the presence of seagrass‐dominated ecosystems. This work investigates the skeletal assemblage of Modern (Maldivian and western Mediterranean) and fossil (Eocene; Apula and Oman carbonate platforms and Oligocene; Malta platform) seagrass examples to characterize the skeletal assemblage of modern and fossil seagrasses. Two main types of grains, calcareous algae and foraminifera, constitute around 50% of the bioclastic sediment in both tropical Maldivian and temperate Mediterranean scenarios. However, in the tropical setting they are represented by green algae (Halimeda), while in the Mediterranean they are represented by corallinacean red algae. In contrast, in the Eocene examples, the foraminifera are the most conspicuous group and the green algae are also abundant. The opposite occurs in the Maltese Chattian, which is dominated by coralline algae (mean 42%), although the foraminifera are still abundant. It is suggested to use the term foralgal to identify the seagrass skeletal assemblage. To discriminate between red algae and green algae dominance, the introduction of the prefixes ‘GA’ (green algae) and ‘RA’ (red algae) is proposed. The investigated examples provide evidence that the green algae–foralgal assemblage is typical of tropical, not excessively dense seagrass meadows, characterized by a well‐illuminated substrate to support the development and calcification of the Halimeda thallus. Contrarily, the red algae‐foralgal assemblage is typical of high density tropical to subtropical seagrass meadows which create very dense oligophotic conditions on the sea floor or in temperate settings where Halimeda cannot calcify.     

黄土高原表土磁化率与气候要素的定量关系研究

黄土高原地区已建立多个表土低频磁化率-气候转换函数,为黄土古气候定量重建提供了关键方法。但是表土磁化率变化的气候控制因素的系统研究尚未开展; 同时,低频磁化率部分受到沉积作用的影响,需要寻找气候意义更明确的指标。我们系统采集了黄土高原及周边地区的表土样品,运用相关、回归和因子分析等方法,研究了不同气候要素及其季节变化对表土磁化率和频率磁化率的控制作用。结果显示,湿度是控制黄土高原表土磁化率的主要因素,温度的影响相对较小; 降水的季节分配也有影响,月降水变率较小的地区磁化率较高。在此基础上,选择反映成壤磁性颗粒组分的频率磁化率,建立了频率磁化率-年均降水量的转换函数,为黄土古气候定量估算提供了新的途径。     

黑硼锡镁矿孪晶的电子衍射分析

黑硼锡镁矿是1985年在我国发现的一种新矿物,微孪晶特别发育,其电子衍射斑点往往具规律的分裂现像。用选区电子衍射获得[010]、[141]和[121]定向带轴电子衍射斑点分裂图,经矩阵分析,确定两套斑点分裂是由其呈挛晶结构关系所致,孪晶面为(101),属于面律孪晶,这种孪晶的微形貌由明场像(BF)得到证实。根据不同取向的电子衍射图,确定该矿物属单斜晶系,a_0=10.7,b_0=3.01,c_0=5.39,β=94.5°。上述挛晶结构特征及其晶体学数据与X射线单晶研究结果有很好的可比性。     

Stable staurolite–cordierite assemblages in K‐poor metapelitic schists in Aston and Hospitalet gneiss domes of the central Pyrenees (France,Andorra)

Staurolite–cordierite assemblages are common in mica schists of the Aston and Hospitalet gneiss domes of the central Axial Zone, Pyrenees (France, Andorra). Within a 200 m wide zone, staurolite, cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts contain inclusion trails that preserve the same stage of development of a crenulation cleavage, strongly suggesting that all three phases are contemporaneous. Their syntectonic growth occurred during a short period at the beginning of the formation of the dominant schistosity (S₂) of the domes. Staurolite and cordierite touching each other further indicates an equilibrium relationship. Whole‐rock analyses show that some staurolite–cordierite schists are depleted in K₂O compared to post‐Archean shales (PAAS) and amphibolite facies pelites. Analysis of the st‐crd paragenesis in K‐poor schists without muscovite using KFMASH and MnNCKFMASH petrogentic grids, pseudosections and AFM compatibility diagrams predicts stable conditions at pressures of ~3.5 kbar at 575 °C. For metapelites with intermediate X_Mg values (0.7 >  X_Mg >0.48) a ‘muscovite‐out window’ exists from 550–650 °C at 3.5 kbar in the KFMASH system. Conventional thermobarometry (GB‐GASP, AvT‐AvP) and petrogenetic grids show an isobaric P–T path to peak temperatures of ~650 °C, supported by the presence of sillimanite‐K‐feldspar gneiss and migmatites. LP‐HT metamorphism in the Aston dome is related to early Carboniferous (c. 339 Ma) granitic intrusions into the dome core. As metamorphism is directly linked with the formation of the main S₂ schistosity, the temporal relations demonstrated in this study conflict with previous studies which constrained LP‐HT metamorphism and the development of flat‐lying schistosity to the late Carboniferous (315–305 Ma) – at least in the eastern Axial Zone.