舟山渔港风暴潮模拟分析

渔港风暴潮研究对防灾减灾具有重要意义。本文构建了舟山海域嵌套网格的风暴潮模型,经天文潮与风暴潮实测资料验证效果良好。设计5个方向共14条台风路径,计算了2017年8月8?12日大潮期12～17级台风下舟山渔港的风暴潮位。结果表明,由于向岸风作用南侧SE向比北侧E向登陆台风所造成的最高风暴潮位高35.7%,差值可达82 cm;对于两端通海的舟山渔港,南侧0.5R处登陆的SE向台风,风向与东口门朝向一致而跟渔港走向斜交,有利于水体进入并滞留,此时风暴潮位最高。南侧12级台风下ESE、SE、SSE发生漫堤,而北侧登陆台风无漫堤风险,沉降等原因造成海堤防台能力两头低于中段;数值试验显示,若在小干岛东侧设置丁坝,可将17级台风作用下的漫堤概率由26.23%减为10.66%。     

Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls is coupled to nitrogen fixation by a legume-rhizobium symbiosis

Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), represent a particularly serious environmental problem and human health risk worldwide. Leguminous plants and their symbiotic bacteria(rhizobia) are important components of the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in both agricultural and natural ecosystems. However, there have been relatively few detailed studies of the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils by legume-rhizobia symbionts. Here we report for the first time evidence of the reductive dechlorination of 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl(PCB 28) by an alfalfa-rhizobium nitrogen fixing symbiont. Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with wild-type Sinorhizobium meliloti had significantly larger biomass and PCB 28 accumulation than alfalfa inoculated with the nitrogenase negative mutant rhizobium Sm Y. Dechlorination products of PCB 28, 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl(PCB 8), and the emission of chloride ion(Cl-) were also found to decrease significantly in the ineffective nodules infected by the mutant strain Sm Y. We therefore hypothesize that N2-fixation by the legume-rhizobium symbiont is coupled with the reductive dechlorination of PCBs within the nodules. The combination of these two processes is of great importance to the biogeochemical cycling and bioremediation of organochlorine pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems.     

Controls of preferential orientation of earthquake- and rainfall-triggered landslides in Taiwan's orogenic mountain belt

Landsliding usually occurs on specific hillslope aspect, which may reflect the control of specific geo-environmental factors, triggering factors, or their interaction. To explore this notion, this study used island-wide landslide inventories of the Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 (M_W = 7.6) and Typhoon Morakot in 2009 in Taiwan to investigate the preferential orientation of landslides and the controls of landslide triggers and geological settings. The results showed two patterns. The orientations of earthquake-triggered landslides were toward the aspect facing away from the epicenter in areas with peak ground acceleration (PGA) ≥ 0.6 g and landslide ratio ≥ 1%, suggesting that the orientations were controlled by seismic wave propagation. Rainfall-triggered landslides tended to occur on dip slopes, instead of the windward slopes, suggesting that geological settings were a more effective control of the mass wasting processes on hillslope scale than the rainfall condition. This study highlights the importance of the endogenic processes, namely seismic wave and geological settings, on the predesigned orientation of landslides triggered by either earthquake or rainfall, which can in turn improve our knowledge of landscape evolution and landslide prediction. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南方红壤区长期水土流失综合治理显著减少河流输沙——以鄱阳湖流域赣江上游平江为例

长时间序列水沙数据分析有助于科学评价流域尺度水土保持减流减沙效应,为科学开展区域水土保持成效评估提供实现路径.本文选取南方红壤区水土保持工程最为集中、持续时间最长的典型流域——平江流域,基于1975-2014年的逐日降水量、流量、含沙量数据,综合应用预置白M-K检验法、Theil-Sen趋势度估计法、Pettitt检验法与累积量斜率变化率比较法,开展河流水沙变化特征及归因分析,揭示长期水土流失治理对河流水沙的影响.结果表明:(1)1975-2014年平江年输沙量、汛期输沙量和非汛期输沙量均存在显著减少趋势,年均减少率分别为2.38×10⁴、1.75×10⁴和0.44×10⁴t/a,汛期输沙量在流域开始实施系统水土流失治理时即发生突变,而年输沙量和非汛期输沙量在系列国家水土保持重点工程实施一段时间后方开始突变;(2)流域长期水土保持显著减少平江输沙,但对径流无显著影响,重点治理期、治理后期以水土保持为主的生态保护工程对输沙量减少的贡献均在94.0%以上,且生态保护工程对汛期输沙量减少的贡献较非汛期的更为突出;(3)以水土保持为主的长期生态保护工程导致平江全年、汛期、非汛期输沙量分别减少59.3%、60.7%和55.7%;(4)在剔除大型水利工程(尤其是大中型水库)建设影响后,南方红壤区可以基于长时间序列水沙数据分析科学评价流域尺度水土保持减流减沙效应.研究结果可以为南方红壤区流域尺度水土保持减流减沙效应评价提供参考,并有望为区域系列国家生态保护与建设工程的布局和管理提供科学依据.     

2008—2022年上海大莲湖湿地营养盐时空分布特征、水质评价及来源解析

为了解大莲湖湿地区域水体营养盐的时空分布特征及污染来源,本文系统汇整了2008—2022年大莲湖湿地的水质数据,于2021—2022年丰水期和枯水期针对6种不同土地利用类型进行水样采集分析,也于2021年平水期进行各指标的24 h昼夜监测分析。年际研究结果表明,2008—2022年期间大莲湖湖区总氮(TN)浓度基本处于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅳ～Ⅴ类水质标准,在2009年枯水期达到最大值(2.97 mg/L);湖区氨氮浓度近年来满足Ⅲ类水质标准;总磷浓度在2021年的丰水期达到最大值0.79 mg/L,超过Ⅴ类水标准限值0.4 mg/L。湖区水质较生态修复之前有所好转,但营养盐浓度依旧处于较高水平。整体趋势与淀山湖的营养盐浓度基本一致,说明上游淀山湖入湖来水可能是造成大莲湖营养盐增高的原因之一。季节性研究结果显示,水体各类指标存在一定季节性差异,枯水期略劣于丰水期。不排除入湖河流带来的污染对大莲湖湿地区域产生影响,丰枯水期鱼塘和荷花塘水体营养盐和有机物质超标现象突出,尤其是鱼塘点位TN浓度是Ⅴ类水标准限值2.0 mg/L的2～4倍。24 h昼夜监测结果发现,大部...     

冬季太平洋三种海温异常型及其对欧亚大气环流的影响

通过对冬季太平洋海温场及滞后0—6月的欧亚500hPa高度场的联合REOF相关分析发现,与500hPa环流异常相联系的冬季海温异常分布可分为三种类型:EC型、KC型和WD型,其异常中心区域分别对应于赤道中东太平洋——加利福利亚海流区、黑潮区和北太平洋西风漂流区。各型海温异常对欧亚500hPa环流具有不同的滞后影响特征,滞后0—3月的影响区主要是低纬度地区,4个月以后可达中纬度地区,尤其是对我国东部上空环流的影响。无论是中纬度海洋还是低纬度海洋均可对滞后4个月以后的东亚中纬度环流产生明显影响。      

粤西北印支期太保岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

华南早中生代构造-岩浆演化还存在不同的争议.以广东西北部连山地区晚三叠世含暗色微粒包体(MMEs)的太保岩体为研究对象,进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究.4个花岗岩样品的锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为219.8±1.8 Ma、220.5±1.0 Ma、221.5±1...     

Agricultural labor changes and agricultural economic development in China and their implications for rural vitalization

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Based on panel data from 1991, 2000 and 2010 at the county level in China, this study analyzed the coupling characteristics and spatio-temporal patterns of...     

南京城市义务教育设施空间演化

选取规模、质量、可达性和承载压力等指标,综合运用Zipf对数模型、G指数、差异判别系数及路网测度技术等方法研究南京城市义务教育设施的空间演化。结果表明：① 义务教育设施总体规模在扩大,但小学规模差异缩小,初级中学则扩大。中心城区和郊区的规模差异呈现不同特征。② 义务教育质量总体表现出空间扩散态势,核心-边缘结构依然明显存在,行政区内极化现象突出。③ 义务教育设施的时间可达性总体降低,学区划分对可达性公平存在重大影响。④ 由于人口年龄结构和设施布局变化,除江宁区和建邺区外的多数地区义务教育承载压力明显减轻。     

南沙群岛海区晚第四纪深海碳酸盐沉积作用

根据５个柱样分析，讨论了冰期一间冰期碳酸盐沉积作用变化，南沙海区碳酸盐旋回在３５００ｍ以浅表现为大西洋旋回，源于冰期陆源碎屑物质的稀释作用，相反，在３５００ｍ以下出现太平洋碳酸钙旋回，文中根据浮游有孔虫的溶解指数和种属数量讨论了冰期－间冰期溶解作用变化。