The impact of the South–North Water Transfer Project (CTP)'s central route on groundwater table in the Hai River basin,North China

The central route of the South–North Water Transfer Project (CTP) is designed to divert approximately 9.5 billion m³ of water per year from the Han River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River, to the Hai River basin in the north China. The main purpose of this study is to assess the impact of CTP on groundwater table in the Hai River basin. Our study features a large‐scale distributed hydrological model that couples a physically based groundwater module, which is sub‐basin‐based, with a conceptual surface water module, which is grid‐based. There are several grids in each sub‐basin and water exchange among grid that are considered. Our model couples surface water module and groundwater module and calculates human water use at the same time. The simulation results indicate that even with the water supply by CTP, the groundwater table will continue to decline in the Hai River basin. However, the CTP water can evidently reduce the decline rate, helping alleviate groundwater overexploitation in Hai River region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mapping uncertain geographical attributes: incorporating robustness into choropleth classification design

ABSTRACT

Choropleth mapping provides a simple but effective visual presentation of geographical data. Traditional choropleth mapping methods assume that data to be displayed are certain. This may not be true for many real-world problems. For example, attributes generated based on surveys may contain sampling and non-sampling error, and results generated using statistical inferences often come with a certain level of uncertainty. In recent years, several studies have incorporated uncertain geographical attributes into choropleth mapping with a primary focus on identifying the most homogeneous classes. However, no studies have yet accounted for the possibility that an areal unit might be placed in a wrong class due to data uncertainty. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a robustness measure and incorporating it into the optimal design of choropleth maps. In particular, this study proposes a discretization method to solve the new optimization problem along with a novel theoretical bound to evaluate solution quality. The new approach is applied to map the American Community Survey data. Test results suggest a tradeoff between within-class homogeneity and robustness. The study provides an important perspective on addressing data uncertainty in choropleth map design and offers a new approach for spatial analysts and decision-makers to incorporate robustness into the mapmaking process.     

Impact of projected climate change on the hydrology in the headwaters of the Yellow River basin

Located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the headwaters of the Yellow River basin (HYRB) are very vulnerable to climate change. In this study, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to assess the impact of future climate change on this region's hydrological components for the near future period of 2013–2042 under three emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1. The uncertainty in this evaluation was considered by employing Bayesian model averaging approach on global climate model (GCM) multimodel ensemble projections. First, we evaluated the capability of the SWAT model for streamflow simulation in this basin. Second, the GCMs' monthly ensemble projections were downscaled to daily climate data using the bias‐correction and spatial‐disaggregation method and then were utilized as input into the SWAT model. The results indicate the following: (1) The SWAT model exhibits a good performance for both calibration and validation periods after adjusting parameters in snowmelt module and establishing elevation bands in sub‐basins. (2) The projected precipitation suggests a general increase under all three scenarios, with a larger extent in both A1B and B1 and a slight variation for A2. With regard to temperature, all scenarios show pronounced warming trends, of which A2 displays the largest amplitude. (3) In the terms of total runoff from the whole basin, there is an increasing trend in the future streamflow at Tangnaihai gauge under A1B and B1, while the A2 scenario is characterized by a declining trend. Spatially, A1B and B1 scenarios demonstrate increasing trends across most of the region. Groundwater and surface runoffs indicate similar trends with total runoff, whereas all three scenarios exhibit an increase in actual evapotranspiration. Generally, both A1B and B1 scenarios suggest a warmer and wetter tendency over the HYRB in the forthcoming decades, while the case for A2 indicates a warmer and drier trend. Findings from this study can provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco‐environment management strategies for governmental policymakers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variations of crop coefficient and its influencing factors in an arid advective cropland of northwest China

Understanding the variation and magnitude of crop coefficient (K_c) is important for accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration and water use. In this study, we calculated K_c in an irrigated maize field with ground mulching by eddy covariance evapotranspiration measurements during the whole growing periods in 2009 and 2010 in an arid region of northwest China. A semi‐empirical practical approach for estimating K_c was proposed by introducing the dynamic fraction of canopy cover and incorporating the effect of leaf senescence as a function of days after sowing. The contribution of arid advection of sensible heat resulting from irrigation to K_c and the response of K_c to canopy conductance (G_c) were investigated. The averaged values of daily K_c were lower than typical values obtained previously without mulching due to decreasing effect of mulching on K_c, with 0.82 and 0.80 for the 2 years, respectively. The maximum average K_c occurred at the heading stage, with 1.21 and 1.04 for the 2 years, respectively. The difference of K_c was attributed to the difference of leaf area index. The semi‐empirical practical approach could well estimate the variations of K_c, thus could be a robust and useful tool for the practical users and water managers. The contributions to daily K_c from the arid advection were 4.4–28.0% of the measured K_c. The G_c had stronger control on daily K_c at the early and later stages than at the middle stage. When G_c, leaf area index and relative soil extractable water were lower than the respective threshold values of 20 mm s^?1, 3.0 m² m^?2 and 0.5, the daily K_c increased significantly with the increase of the three factors, and almost remained constant when the three factors were beyond the threshold values. These results are helpful for quantifying contributions of individual factors to K_c, and subsequently improving water management practices according to K_c. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种改进的全卷积网络激光点云分类方法

针对在三维空间对点云卷积容易产生过拟合情况,影响点云分类精度的问题,该文提出了一种融合空洞条件随机场的三维点云卷积方法,基于后处理的方式,引入的空洞条件随机场可以对点云中的点进行近邻相似性惩罚并且根据预测结果调整特征权重,从而有效减小过拟合效应,提高点云分类的预测精度.并在国际摄影测量与遥感协会(ISPRS)带标签点云数据集上进行了对比实验,结果表明:该文提出的方法在实验区域点云分类结果上优于其他方法,总体精度达到83.9％.平均F1分数达到71.0％.     

2014年夏季我国气候异常及成因简析

2014年夏季,全国平均气温为21．1℃,较常年同期偏高0．2℃。全国平均降水量为320．1 mm,较常年同期偏少1．6％,空间分布呈现北少南多的显著特征,其中黄淮地区平均降水量与1999年并列历史同期最少。进一步对2014年夏季我国降水异常成因分析表明,东亚夏季风偏弱及西北太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏南是造成我国夏季降水北少南多的直接原因;印度洋海温偏暖和厄尔尼诺状态共同作用导致副热带高压持续偏强偏南;两者是造成降水异常的重要外强迫条件。     

基于地质建造的西南山区生态地质编图探索与实践——以邛海—泸山地区为例

地质作用是形成区域生态环境格局的重要驱动力之一,岩石圈表层地质建造是土壤圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈的载体,制约着地形地貌、水文地质、土壤物理化学性质以及地质灾害等生态地质条件,进而对整体的生态平衡起着重要的作用。生态地质研究在于探索生态环境与地质条件之间的联系,从地质学的视角,探寻生态系统运行与演化机制。本文在四川邛海—泸山地区生态地质调查实践中,探索了一套适用于西南山区的土壤地质图、生态地质剖面和生态地质图等生态地质系列图件的编制方法。研究认为,生态地质系列图件应是岩石圈- 土壤圈- 生物圈等多圈层融合的地球表层系统在地质图上的反映,其表达内容主要包括：作为生态环境物质基础的地表基质层（岩石圈和土壤圈）的生态功能属性、地表覆盖的生态系统和人类活动的现状和展布、生态地质单元的生态功能属性等。基于地质建造和地表基质层的生态地质系列图件,能系统地反映研究区地球表层系统中各生态地质要素的现状、特征、展布和交互关系,为生态保护修复及国土空间用途管制提供地球科学依据。     

塔河油田奥陶系走滑断裂体系特征及成因机制

塔河油田奥陶系“断溶体”油藏是塔里木盆地油气勘探开发的重要对象。本文对塔河油田10区西、于奇西、于奇8井三块三维地震资料开展了精细的走滑断裂构造解析,并在此基础上对塔河油田走滑断裂体系的形成演化过程与成因机制有新认识。研究结果表明：(1)除了在塔河油田南部10区西、托普台等区块发育典型的“X”型共轭走滑断裂体系外,首次发现塔河油田北部于奇地区发育非对称式共轭走滑断裂体系,据此划分出塔河油田南、北两大走滑断裂体系,但两者在形成时间、最大主应力方向、动力学来源等方面均存在明显差异;(2)两大走滑断裂体系的形成及演化过程大致分为3个阶段：加里东期中期I幕形成南部NNE、NNW两组走向的“X”型共轭走滑断裂体系,最大主压应力方向为N3°E,主要受到西昆仑洋俯冲消减作用产生的由S向N的挤压应力;加里东期晚期—海西期早期形成北部以近NE走向为主、少量SN走向组成的非对称式共轭走滑断裂体系,最大主压应力方向为N23°E,主要受到南天山洋俯冲消减作用产生的由N向S的挤压应力,海西期晚期继承性活动,主应力方向保持不变;印支期—燕山期两大走滑断裂体系继承性活动,最大主压应力方向为N37°E,主要受到南部古...     

基于波场延拓的多次波压制技术及其改进

水层多次波是海上地震勘探过程中的一个重要干扰因素。为压制水层多次波,本文在倾斜模型条件下采用基本的正向延拓方法去除多次波,取得了较好的压制效果。在此基础上实现了弯曲水底情况下正、反向波场延拓方法压制多次波;经对比发现,反向延拓方法克服了复杂水下介质情况下对格林函数求取的干扰,消除多次波效果更好。