子午线弧长反问题新解

针对子午线弧长反解计算过于繁琐的问题，利用复合函数的求导法则，变换变量进行幂级数展开，给出了通项公式，利用Hermite插值原理推导了各参数，借助Mathematica计算机代数系统，得出了这些公式用偏心率e表示的幂级数表达式。经试算其精度在0．001＂以上，可供实际使用。     

Fine-scale acoustic tomographic imaging of shallow water sediments

In acoustic tomographic system capable of performing in situ two-dimensional (2D) acoustic imaging of shallow water sediments is described. This system is capable of resolving inhomogeneities greater than 10 cm and differentiating sound-speed variations greater than 2%, A tomographic inversion is performed in a 2D vertical slice of about 1 m ² (1 m×1 m) using three identical probes, with each consisting of 70 evenly distributed transducers. In normal deployments, two of the probes are oriented vertically and are separated by about 1 meter, and the third is positioned horizontally right above the two vertical probes. The additional horizontal probe greatly improves the horizontal resolution of the system compared to conventional crosshole tomographic setups. Numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the influences of arrival time detection error and transducer position error on the performance of the tomography system. For an arrival time of 500 ns (standard deviation) and a position error of 4 mm (standard deviation), sound-speed anomalies of greater than 0.8% can be correctly predicted near the upper portion (close to the horizontal probe) and are resolvable near the lower portion. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. The location of a polyurethane block (Conap EN22) used as a known target is correctly predicted while the inverted sound speed is about 9% lower than that from its actual value. Field data taken from a saturated muddy site are presented and analyzed. The inverted mean sound speed and attenuation are about 1480 ms^-1 and 20 dBm^-1, respectively     

Monitoring active fault creep as a tool in seismic hazard mitigation. Insights from creepmeter study at Chihshang,Taiwan

In 1998 we installed five creepmeters across the Chihshang Fault, the active plate suture in eastern Taiwan. Daily creepmeter data indicated decreasing creeping rate from 1999 to 2003, suggesting increasing seismic hazard. The fault was ruptured by the Chengkung earthquake ($\mathit{Mw}=6.6$) on 10 December 2003. Through extrapolation of our earlier creep data of 1986–1991 and 1992–1997, we evaluate the minimum deficit in aseismic creep shortening as 106 or 46 mm (respectively) before this earthquake. The near-surface co-seismic shortening was limited, but the total shortening resulting from the earthquake, including post-seismic creep, was about 97 mm. This suggests that near the surface most of the detectable deficit has been absorbed by this earthquake and subsequent creep. We thus point out that creepmeter installation and monitoring bring a powerful tool in seismic hazard mitigation. To cite this article: J.-C. Lee et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Lake sediment records on climate change and human activities since the Holocene in Erhai catchment,Yunnan Province,China

Climate of Yunnan Plateau is mainly controlledby the system of southwest Asian monsoon, and alsoaffected by westerlies and local climate of the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau. Since the Cenozoic, a large numberof structural lake basins have formed with the uplift ofthe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[1]. As the information aboutthe climate and environment change was faithfullydocumented in lake sediments, which have the char-acteristics of continuity, high resolution, abundant in-formation, lake sediments p…     

Cross-correlation between WMAP and 2MASS: non-Gaussianity induced by the SZ effect

We study the non-Gaussianity induced by the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuation maps. If a CMB map is contaminated by the SZ effect of galaxies or galaxy clusters, the CMB maps should have similar non-Gaussian features to the galaxy and cluster fields. Using the WMAP data and 2MASS galaxy catalogue, we show that the non-Gaussianity of the 2MASS galaxies is imprinted on WMAP maps. The signature of non-Gaussianity can be seen with the fourth-order cross-correlation between the wavelet variables of the WMAP maps and 2MASS clusters. The intensity of the fourth-order non-Gaussian features is found to be consistent with the contamination of the SZ effect of 2MASS galaxies. We also show that this non-Gaussianity can not be seen by the high-order autocorrelation of the WMAP . This is because the SZ signals in the autocorrelations of the WMAP data generally are weaker than the WMAP –2MASS cross-correlations by a factor f ², which is the ratio between the powers of the SZ-effect map and the CMB fluctuations on the scale considered. Therefore, the ratio of high-order autocorrelations of CMB maps to cross-correlations of the CMB maps and galaxy field would be effective to constrain the powers of the SZ effect on various scales.     

巨分子云的聚合形成与旋臂结构

本文分析了在巨分子云聚合形成机制下旋臂扰动的影响 .结果表明 ,在巨分子云聚合形成过程中 ,当不考虑恒星形成引起的巨分子云的碎裂时 ,旋臂的存在使分子云在绕星系中心作自转运动时 ,在旋臂区域分子云的密度大大增加而使较多的大质量分子云由于碰撞而形成 ,特别能促使一些质量更大的巨分子云形成 .但当这些聚合形成的大质量分子云走出旋臂区域进入臂间区域时 ,它们又会自动瓦解 .因此在整个星系盘上 ,与没有旋臂扰动情况相比 ,F(M )∝logM的曲线只是相应地往上有一平移 ,而对形成的中间质量的巨分子云的数量基本没有影响     

保护自然资源保持良好环境

文章通过对湖州市矿业经济发展简介,提出矿业开发促进了当地的经济发展,也造成了生态环境的破坏.对保护自然资源,保持生态环境,提出矿业综合治理措施的建议和措施.     

荣成地区特别富^18O的榴辉岩的成因

荣成地区的M类榴辉岩特别富集18O,这样富18O的榴辉岩在大别山-苏鲁超高压变质带还尚未见报导。异常高的δ18O值表明M类榴辉岩与围岩-大理岩在变质过程中发生过强烈的氧同位素交换。稳定同位素、流体包裹体等证据揭示氧同位素交换可能发生在超高压岩石的折返过程中,由于叠加的麻粒岩相退变质作用使同俯冲的新元古代海相碳酸盐岩发生了去碳酸盐化作用,产生了富CO2的变质流体。这种退变质流体特别富18O,成为M类榴辉岩与围岩碳酸盐岩交换的媒介。所观测到的M类榴辉岩内矿物之间,以及榴辉岩与围岩大理岩之间都基本达到了高温下的氧同位素平衡。由于荣成地区各类榴辉岩记录的变质温度普遍高于大别山和苏鲁南段的榴辉岩,因此这一地区的榴辉岩在折返过程中一般都叠加有麻粒岩相和／或角闪岩相的退变质作用。退变质流体,特别是麻粒岩相退变质期间产生的富CO2流体,是造成这一地区M类榴辉岩有别于其它地区M类榴辉岩-特别富18O的根源。     

南海海流对冬季风风应力的响应特征

本文用美国普林斯顿大学海洋模式（ＰＯＭ）的南海版本（ＳＣＳ－ＰＯＭ） 模拟了持续冬季风风应力作用下,南海海流的响应特征。结果表明,从静止的海洋 出发,定常冬季风风应力驱动下的南海海流有明显的时间变化,垂直积分后的海流 （全流）约需１２０天左右的时间,方能达到准稳定态,表层、次表层和深层海流的时 间演变也有类似特征。模拟结果还表明,ＳＣＳ－ＰＯＭ有能力模拟出南海边界流、沿 岸流和海流的涡旋状结构。