六盘山森林资源动态遥感与GIS监测及其马尔可夫链预估

应用两个时期遥感图像解译制图,在GIS支持下,建立空间数据库,获得六盘山地区森林资源变化转移矩阵,并利用马尔可夫链模型对未来森林资源演变趋势进行预估。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗古人类遗存点的发现及意义

内蒙古中北部是一个重要的古人类活动区，从１９９２年至１９９４年笔者在该区发现了１３处古人类遗存点，获得了大量的石器，包括３７７３件打制石器和１５８件磨制石器。这些材料具有十分重要的研究价值。本文对石器进行了分类，并对石器的时代及当时的环境特点进行了探讨。     

Thermal Regimes of Lithosphere and Geothermal Resources Potential in Fujian Province,China1

Abstract From the determinations of surface heat flow based on silica geothermometry, residual heat flow, radiogenic heat production of rocks, thermal conductivities of rocks and so on, the temperatures at different depths of the lithosphere in Fujian Province are estimated by using a one-dimensional steady-state model. According to these and the research on geological structures, the possibility of existence of various geothermal systems in Fujian is discussed. The authors consider that in Fujian, geothermal systems related to shallow magmatism do not exist and hot dry rock systems can not be exploited for the time being. However, intermediate- and low-temperature hydrothermal systems are well developed. They are controlled by active faults and distributed widely in southeastern Fujian, but do not have an anomalous heat source. The groundwater circulates at great depths and has a temperature usually less than 150°C with less discharge but good quality. It can be used directly as a valuable geothermal water resource but not suitable to be developed as an energy source.     

Crustal movement along a collision boundary of plates (case of eastern Taiwan)

Recent crustal movements in eastern Taiwan were investigated based on geodetic and seismological data as a case study of the tectonics along a colliding plate boundary. Secular horizontal strain along the Longitudinal Valley, a probable arc-continent collision boundary between the Philippine Sea and Eurasion plates, is compressive with a large rate of 2 microstrains/year, and the maximum compression axis trends in NW-SE direction. This means that nearly two-thirds of the convergence rate between the two plates is consumed in the narrow zone along the valley and confirms the view that the valley is the plate boundary between the two. The amount of uplift in the Central Range, deduced from trigonometric leveling, reaches more than one meter during the past 60 years. Such active orogeny is caused by the high strain rate in this area. Horizontal displacement of the Coastal Range, a leading edge of the Philippine Sea plate, has a left-lateral component, suggesting that the boundary is a region of oblique collision and the range moves toward the north, producing subduction of the Philippine Sea plate off the Coast of northeastern Taiwan.An extensional strain pattern is found northeastern Taiwan near Hualien, in northern Taiwan near Ilan, and in southeastern Taiwan south Taitung. In northeastern Taiwan, the direction of the maximum extension axis is nearly parallel to the isodipth contours of deep-focus earthquakes that occurred under the southern part of the Ryukyu Trench. From a model calculation using a finite-element method, this pattern of strain is interpreted as an edge effect of the collision-subduction junction in northeastern Taiwan. The direction of the maximum extension in northern Taiwan forms high angles with the direction of the tectonic line near Ilan stretching from the Okinawa Trough. This fact is harmonious with the view that the Okinawa Trough is spreading. Extensional strain observed in southeastern Taiwan may be related to the eastward subduction since the area is situated on a transition zone, from collision to subduction.     

福建漳州盆地活动断裂研究

本文从形态学和运动学的角度,确定并系统地研究了二十条主要活动断裂。北西向断裂以正-左行走滑型为主,北东向断裂以右行走滑-逆断层为主,两组断裂构成活动断裂网络。用 C¹⁴年龄数据计算得到了最近5990—1870年以来,各取样点地壳平均升降速率的变化范围是+3.53mm/a 至-0.65mm/a。用布仑法求得的九龙江活动断裂现代平均滑动速率是1.7mm/a。更新世至现代构造应力场的最大主压应力是以缓倾角、走向为 NW290°左右为特征的。350m 深处最大主压应力是700—760bar。两组断裂交汇形成的高渗透率带,对形成对流型中、低温热水型热田是十分有利的。此外,对该区的地震活动性亦进行了讨论。     

Plate collision and paleostress trajectories in a fold-thrust belt: The foothills of Taiwan

Field analyses of compressional faulting and folding in the Foothills of western Taiwan enable us to reconstruct paleostress trajectories over a large area and to establish the relative chronology of tectonic events. Two main compressional events have contributed to the present structure of the fold-thrust belt. Stratigraphic data show that these events are Plio-Pliocene in age. Older normal faulting indicates NNW-SSE extension across the Chinesse passive continental margin during the Neogene. The two main compressional events of the Taiwan collision correspond to similar fan-shaped distributions of maximum compressive stress trajectories, with a counterclockwise shift of 30°–50° between the two events. Using the relationship between recent stress trajectories and the direction of recent plate motion as a guide, we reconstruct the direction of plate convergence for the older event. We suspect that the relative motion Philippine Sea plate-Eurasia has rotated counterclockwise of at least 35°–45° in Taiwan during collision. This conclusion is in agreement with independent plate tectonic reconstructions. Several problems provide objectives to further tectonic and paleomagnetic studies, including the duration and diachronism of compressional events as well as possible clockwise rotation of northernmost Taiwan.     

An Explicit Finite Difference Model for Unconfined Aquifers

Most of the current simulation models for unconfined aquifers are based on the assumption that the free surface variation is small so that it can be combined with permeability to reduce the nonlinear Boussinesq equation to a linear partial differential equation (PDE). One of the most obvious reasons for using the linearization assumption is for the ease of numerical solution. This work presents a simpler alternative which permits an easy direct solution of the Boussinesq equation. A forward in time, central in space (FTCS) explicit finite difference method is used in the simulation model. The model was first validated by comparing its results with known analytical solution. It was then applied to an actual situation in which the short-term responses (from pumping) of an unconfined aquifer were simulated. The study shows that the stability of the model can be easily controlled, and because of the simple algorithm used, the code can be expeditiously developed and economically run on smaller machines. Due to the uncertainties in the calibration results, it is recommended here that more data be collected to improve the calibration before the model is used as a real-time simulation tool.