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941.
942.
A. Banerjee M. Jha A. K. Mittal N. J. Thomas K. N. Misra 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2000,17(10):7
Source rock screening reveals five laterally extending potential sources (PS) in the Paleogene. The PSs are SR5 and SR6 in dominantly marine early Eocene to late Paleocene Cambay Shale formation, and SR7, SR8/9, and SR11/12 in dominantly freshwater early Paleocene Olpad formation. Only 3 PSs, SR11/12, SR8/9, and SR7 have attained vitrinite reflectance of 0.75% at 45, 7, and 2 mybp, respectively. Chromatographic and isotope data of oils and PS samples suggest that mainly the Olpad source rocks: SR7 and SR8/9 contributed to the discovered oils. The Cambay Shale source rocks, SR5 and SR6, contrary to the prevalent view, possibly have no significant contribution towards the accumulated oils. 相似文献
943.
We have previously shown that lead (lead chloride) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Aroclor 1254) can alter hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) content, and pituitary gonadotropin II (GTH II) release in vitro, in the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). In the present study we investigated whether impairment of the hypothalamic 5-HT pathway involves alterations in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis, or monoamine oxidase (MAO), the catabolic enzyme. Aroclor 1254 (1 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) significantly inhibited hypothalamic TPH activity without altering MAO activity, and caused a significant decline in 5-HT content. On the other hand, lead exposure (15 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) only induced a slight decrease in hypothalamic 5-HT content and TPH activity, and a minor increase in MAO activity. However, both Aroclor 1254 and lead significantly inhibited the GTH II response to stimulation by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) in vivo and caused reduced gonadal growth. These results demonstrate that impairment of hypothalamic serotonin metabolism by Aroclor 1254 involves inhibition of 5-HT synthesis, whereas lead does not exert a profound influence on 5-HT metabolism. The decline in 5-HT availability due to reduced 5-HT synthesis in the PCB-exposed fish may result in disruption of the stimulatory 5-HT-GnRH pathway controlling GTH II secretion leading to impairment of gonadal growth. 相似文献
944.
Abstract— The gravity‐driven collapse of complex impact craters induces the mass transfer of large rock volumes. In distal parts of a crater, inward movements dominate; whereas in the centre of an impact structure, outward movements occur if the central uplift collapses. The particle trajectory field is centro‐symmetric, which signifies that the conditions for plane‐strain deformation are not fullfilled. Converging particle trajectories can be compensated either by a bulk thickening of inward sliding masses (folding, repetition of rock units along thrust faults, plastic flow) or by the formation of localised radial transpression ridges (RTR) at the edges of individual landslides. In these transpression ridges, material is uplifted to accommodate the converging mass flow. Different modes of uplift are possible including radial folding, lateral overthrusting, and the formation of positive flower structures. A simple geometric model is used to estimate the amount of transpression thickening and bulk thickening of inward sliding masses on the base of volumetric considerations. The existence of RTRs is confirmed by structural investigations at the Siljan impact structure, Sweden, as well as at other complex impact craters on Earth. 相似文献
945.
946.
Reforestation Programs in Southwest China: Reported Success, Observed Failure, and the Reasons Why 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Ever since the disastrous floods of 1998, the Chinese government has used the Natural Forest Protection and Sloping Land Conversion Programs to promote afforestation and reforestation as means to reduce runoff, control erosion, and stabilize local livelihoods. These two ambitious programs have been reported as large-scale successes, contributing to an overall increase in China’s forest cover and to the stated goals of environmental stabilization. A small-scale field study at the project level of the implementation of these two programs in Baiwu Township, Yanyuan County, Sichuan, casts doubt upon the accuracy and reliability of these claims of success; ground observations revealed utter failure in some sites and only marginal success in others. Reasons for this discrepancy are posited as involving ecological, economic, and bureaucratic factors. Further research is suggested to determine whether these discrepancies are merely local aberrations or represent larger-scale failures in reforestation programs. 相似文献
947.
Three gravity traverses across the eastern half of the South Wales Coalfield indicate a local, elongate, negative Bouguer anomaly of a few milligals amplitude bordering the southern rim. The anomaly has a maximum amplitude of 4 mgal near Maesteg and attenuates eastward, dying out in the vicinity of the East Crop. Two possible geological causes of the anomaly are examined, namely a local thick sequence of normal Upper Carboniferous strata and a discrete, low-density body of Carboniferous age with no apparent surface expression. The former, uncontroversial explanation requires rock densities at variance with measured values. In the case of the hypothetical low density body which can explain the anomaly, a variety of possible ages and configurations are discussed. 相似文献
948.
Effective livelihood adaptation to climate change disturbance: Scale dimensions of practice in Mozambique 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Natural resource-dependent societies in developing countries are facing increased pressures linked to global climate change. While social-ecological systems evolve to accommodate variability, there is growing evidence that changes in drought, storm and flood extremes are increasing exposure of currently vulnerable populations. In many countries in Africa, these pressures are compounded by disruption to institutions and variability in livelihoods and income. The interactions of both rapid and slow onset livelihood disturbance contribute to enduring poverty and slow processes of rural livelihood renewal across a complex landscape. We explore cross-scale dynamics in coping and adaptation response, drawing on qualitative data from a case study in Mozambique. The research characterises the engagements across multiple institutional scales and the types of agents involved, providing insight into emergent conditions for adaptation to climate change in rural economies. The analysis explores local responses to climate shocks, food security and poverty reduction, through informal institutions, forms of livelihood diversification and collective land-use systems that allow reciprocity, flexibility and the ability to buffer shocks. However, the analysis shows that agricultural initiatives have helped to facilitate effective livelihood renewal, through the reorganisation of social institutions and opportunities for communication, innovation and micro-credit. Although there are challenges to mainstreaming adaptation at different scales, this research shows why it is critical to assess how policies can protect conditions for emergence of livelihood transformation. 相似文献
949.
Steven Creighton Thomas Stachel Sergei Matveev Heidi Höfer Catherine McCammon Robert W. Luth 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(4):491-504
The oxidation state, reflected in the oxygen fugacity (fO2), of the subcratonic lithospheric mantle is laterally and vertically heterogeneous. In the garnet stability field, the Kaapvaal
lithospheric mantle becomes progressively more reducing with increasing depth from Δlog fO2 FMQ-2 at 110 km to FMQ-4 at 210 km. Oxidation accompanying metasomatism has obscured this crystal-chemical controlled depth-fO2 trend in the mantle beneath Kimberley, South Africa. Chondrite normalized REE patterns for garnets, preserve evidence of
a range in metasomatic enrichment from mild metasomatism in harzburgites to extensive metasomatism by LREE-enriched fluids
and melts with fairly unfractionated LREE/HREE ratios in phlogopite-bearing lherzolites. The metasomatized xenoliths record
redox conditions extending up to Δlog fO2 = FMQ, sufficiently oxidized that magnesite would be the stable host of carbon in the most metasomatized samples. The most
oxidized lherzolites, those in or near the carbonate stability field, have the greatest modal abundance of phlogopite and
clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxene is modally less abundant or absent in the most reduced peridotite samples. The infiltration of
metasomatic fluids/melts into diamondiferous lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton converted reduced, anhydrous
harzburgite into variably oxidized phlogopite-bearing lherzolite. Locally, portions of the lithospheric mantle were metasomatized
and oxidized to an extent that conversion of diamond into carbonate should have occurred.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
950.
Aragonite and calcite preservation in sediments from Lake Iznik related to bottom lake oxygenation and water column depth
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This study examines the forcing mechanisms driving long‐term carbonate accumulation and preservation in lacustrine sediments in Lake Iznik (north‐western Turkey) since the last glacial. Currently, carbonates precipitate during summer from the alkaline water column, and the sediments preserve aragonite and calcite. Based on X‐ray diffraction data, carbonate accumulation has changed significantly and striking reversals in the abundance of the two carbonate polymorphs have occurred on a decadal time scale, during the last 31 ka cal bp . Different lines of evidence, such as grain size, organic matter and redox sensitive elements, indicate that reversals in carbonate polymorph abundance arise due to physical changes in the lacustrine setting, for example, water column depth and lake mixing. The aragonite concentrations are remarkably sensitive to climate, and exhibit millennial‐scale oscillations. Extending observations from modern lakes, the Iznik record shows that the aerobic decomposition of organic matter and sulphate reduction are also substantial factors in carbonate preservation over long time periods. Lower lake levels favour aragonite precipitation from supersaturated waters. Prolonged periods of stratification and, consequently, enhanced sulphate reduction favour aragonite preservation. In contrast, prolonged or repeated exposure of the sediment–water interface to oxygen results in in situ aerobic organic matter decomposition, eventually leading to carbonate dissolution. Notably, the Iznik sediment profile raises the hypothesis that different states of lacustrine mixing lead to selective preservation of different carbonate polymorphs. Thus, a change in the entire lake water chemistry is not strictly necessary to favour the preservation of one polymorph over another. Therefore, this investigation is a novel contribution to the carbon cycle in lacustrine systems. 相似文献