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351.
352.
Effects of variations in fluid properties and fracture geometry on dispersion,anisotropy, and reflection in media with planar fractures
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Our objective was to discover the effect of variations in fluid properties and fracture geometry on the velocity of seismic wave propagation in fluid‐saturated media with parallel planar fractures. We used numerical models calculated by analytical solutions to examine the behaviour of P‐wave phase velocity dispersion in the normal direction to layering, in non‐porous and porous media with planar fractures. We also examined the anisotropy of low frequency phase and group velocities of fast and slow P‐waves and angular‐dependent reflection coefficients in media with planar fractures, under conditions of saturation by fluids with varying bulk moduli, densities, and fracture apertures. We defined several parametre , , and characterising dispersion, characterising anisotropy, characterising the difference between fast and slow modes, and R0 and characterising reflection. Our results show that the behaviour of dispersion shows wider stopbands in the case of gas saturation. Concavity indicator of dispersion for gas saturation was greater than that for liquid saturation and is usually greater than one. Anisotropy is more sensitive to bulk modulus contrast than to density contrast between the solid and the fluid, and is more sensitive to density contrast than to bulk modulus contrast. The case of gas saturation usually had a greater negative R0 and a greater value of compared with those of brine and heavy and light oil saturations. Our results are helpful in distinguishing fluid types saturating geophysical fractures and estimating the aperture and spacing of planar fractures. In seismic exploration, bulk modulus and fluid density can provide useful information in distinguishing among brine, oil, and gas; fracture geometry is important to estimate the permeability of reservoirs. 相似文献
353.
USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF ACTIVE TECTONICS
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AI Ming BI Hai-yun ZHENG Wen-jun YIN Jin-hui YUAN Dao-yang REN Zhi-kun CHEN Gan LIU Jin-rui 《地震地质》2018,40(6):1276-1293
With the development of photogrammetry technology and the popularity of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)technology in recent years, using UAV photogrammetry technology to rapidly acquire high precision and high resolution topographic and geomorphic data on the fault zone has gradually become an important technical means. This paper first summarizes the basic principle and workflow of a new digital photogrammetry technology, SfM (Structure from Motion), which is simple, efficient and low cost. Using this technology, we conducted aerial image acquisition and data processing for a typical fault landform on the northern of Caka Basin in Qinghai. The digital elevation model (DEM)with 6.1cm/pix resolution is generated and the density of point cloud is as high as 273 points/m2. The coverage area is 0.463km2. Further, the terrain and slope data parallel to the fault direction are extracted by topographic analysis method, and combined with the contour map and the slope diagram generated by the DEM, a fine interpretation and quantitative study of complex multilevel geomorphic surfaces is carried out. Finally, based on the results of sophisticated interpretation of geomorphology, we got the vertical displacements of the T1 terrace to the T3 terrace as (1.01±0.06)m, (1.37±0.13)m and (3.10±0.11)m, and the minimum vertical displacements of the T4 terrace and the T5 terrace as (3.77±0.14)m and (5.46±0.26)m, respectively, through the topographic profile data extracted by DEM. Such vertical displacement parameters are difficult to obtain directly by traditional remote sensing images, which shows the great application prospect of UAV photogrammetry technology in the quantitative study of active tectonics. 相似文献
354.
选用中国大陆地壳运动观测台网(CMONOC)在华北地区约8年(2011年10月~2019年9月)的连续观测数据,建立了华北稳定参考框架——NChina20。NChina20与全球参考框架(IGS14)保持坐标系缩放比例一致,两坐标系统在历元2020.0对齐。本文详细介绍了将相对于IGS14的位置时间序列转换到NChina20的方法,并列举了NChina20在城市地面升降长期观测领域的应用。NChina20的稳定性(精度)在水平方向约为0.5mm/a,在垂直方向约为0.6mm/a。参考框架的稳定性随时间的推移而退化,建议NChina20的使用范围在时间上限于2006~2025年的时间窗口内,在空间上限于华北活动地块区域内。选用华北地区5个基岩站20年(2000~2019年)的连续观测数据,建立了华北地区季节性地面升降预测模型。华北稳定参考框架将每隔几年更新一次,以缓解框架稳定性随时间的退化,并与IGS参考框架同步更新。 相似文献
355.
过去几十年太湖流域经济社会快速发展,但由于经济增长方式尚未根本转变,流域水循环系统遭到无序干扰和破坏,太湖水污染问题严重,水质型缺水问题突出,流域水安全面临巨大挑战. “引江济太”作为太湖流域水安全保障的关键措施和流域水环境综合治理的重要举措,自2002年启动实施以来,以丰补枯,增加流域水资源供给;以动治静,抑制太湖蓝藻大规模暴发,改善流域区域水环境;科学应对,保障突发水污染事件和重大活动期间供水安全,取得了显著的综合效益,社会各界予以了广泛关注. 本文基于监测数据和大量文献,在综述“引江济太”实践背景、过程和成效的基础上,重点围绕“引江济太”调度模式、水量水质保障、洪旱风险管控、调水事件驱动等进行了研究. 结果表明,“引江济太”通过试验探索回答了流域治理管理的一些关键科学问题,已经成为提升流域水资源和水环境承载能力的重要手段. 面对极端气候变化、流域水循环格局变化、保障长三角一体化高质量发展水安全新需求和挑战,建议“引江济太”实践中,探索多目标统筹协调调度、开展数字孪生太湖调水、促进流域骨干水网建设,实现”引江济太”综合效益最大化. 相似文献
356.
Cornel Olariu Ronald J. Steel Nataleigh K. Vann Eugen P. Tudor Moonsoo Shin René R. Winter Yuqian Gan Eunsil Jung Flavio N. De Almeida Jr. Gabriel Giacomone Daniel Minisini Walter Brinkworth Maria L. Loss Juan Iñigo Raul Gutierrez 《Basin Research》2020,32(2):279-292
Seismic-reflection data show that most deepwater (>200 m water depth) basins are filled by sand and mud dispersed across clinoformal geometries characterized by gently dipping topsets, steeper foresets and gently dipping bottomsets. However, the entire geometry of these ubiquitous clinoforms is not always recognized in outcrops. Sometimes the infill is erroneously interpreted as “layer cake” or “ramp” stratigraphy because the topset-foreset-bottomset clinoforms are not well exposed. Regional 2-D seismic lines show clinoforms in the Lower to Middle Jurassic Challaco, Lajas, and Los Molles formations in S. Neuquén Basin in Argentina. Time equivalent shelf, slope and basin-floor segments of clinoforms are exposed, and can be walked out in hundreds of metres thick and kilometres-wide outcrops. The studied margin-scale clinoforms are not representing a continental-margin but a deepwater shelf margin that built out in a back-arc basin. Lajas-Los Molles clinoforms have been outcrop-mapped by tracing mudstones interpreted as flooding surfaces on the shelf and abandonment surfaces (low sedimentation rate) in the deepwater basin. The downslope and lateral facies variability in the outcrops is also consistent with a clinoform interpretation. The Lajas topset (shelf) is dominated by fluvial and tidal deposits. The shelf-edge rollover zone is occasionally occupied by a 40–50-m-thick coarse-grained shelf-edge delta, sometimes incising into the underlying slope mudstones, producing oblique clinoforms expressing toplap erosion on seismic. A muddy transgressive phase capping the shelf-edge deltas contains tidal sandbodies. Shelf-edge deltas transition downslope into turbidite- and debris flow-filled channels that penetrate down the mud-prone Los Molles slope. At the base-of-slope, some 300m below the shelf edge, there are basin-floor fan deposits (>200 m thick) composed of sandy submarine-fan lobes separated by muddy abandonment intervals. The large-scale outcrop correlation between topset–foreset–bottomset allows facies and depositional interpretation and sets outcrop criteria recognition for each clinoform segment. 相似文献
357.
我国教育事业的核心是立德树人,通过各学科进行学科育人是其重要途径,其中,地理学科有着较强学科育人的学段与学科优势地位。本文以沪教版初中地理“我国的人口”为例进行了基于任务驱动的课堂教学设计。 相似文献
358.
High-resolution Givetian-Frasnian boundary recognition from conodont-chemo-stratigraphic correlation at Liujing, Guangxi, South China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Givetian-Frasnian boundary at Liujing, Guangxi, South China is for the first time recognized and correlated in high resolution
using characteristic chemocycles of element abundance fluctuation integrated with conodont biostratignphy. The first appearance
of Ancyrodella rotundiloba early form is as a biomarker, and the boundary of lowering fluctuation of element abundance followed
by a sequence of characteristic chemocycles with a sequence of cmodonts is as an abiotic auxiliary marker. The error is not
more than 0.10 Ma. The study indicates that in a quiet interval, characteristic chemocycles integrated with biomarkers can
be used for boundary recognition and regional cormlation in high resolution, and this method has potential for intercontinental
correlation 相似文献
359.
360.