Reverse time migration of CMP-gathers an effective tool for the determination of interval velocities

One of the most important steps in the conventional processing of reflection seismic data is common midpoint (CMP) stacking. However, this step has considerable deficiencies. For instance the reflection or diffraction time curves used for normal moveout corrections must be hyperbolae. Furthermore, undesirable frequency changes by stretching are produced on account of the dependence of the normal moveout corrections on reflection times. Still other drawbacks of conventional CMP stacking could be listed.One possibility to avoid these disadvantages is to replace conventional CMP stacking by a process of migration to be discussed in this paper. For this purpose the Sherwood-Loewenthal model of the exploding reflector has to be extended to an exploding point model with symmetry to the lineP _EX M whereP _EX is the exploding point, alias common reflection point, andM the common midpoint of receiver and source pairs.Kirchhoff summation is that kind of migration which is practically identical with conventional CMP stacking with the exception that Kirchhoff summation provides more than one resulting trace.In this paper reverse time migration (RTM) was adopted as a tool to replace conventional CMP stacking. This method has the merit that it uses the full wave equation and that a direct depth migration is obtained, the velocityv can be any function of the local coordinatesx, y, z. Since the quality of the reverse time migration is highly dependent on the correct choice of interval velocities such interval velocities can be determined stepwise from layer to layer, and there is no need to compute interval velocities from normal moveout velocities by sophisticated mathematics or time consuming modelling. It will be shown that curve velocity interfaces do not impair the correct determination of interval velocities and that more precise velocity values are obtained by avoiding or restricting muting due to non-hyperbolic normal moveout curves.Finally it is discussed how in the case of complicated structures the reverse time migration of CMP gathers can be modified in such a manner that the combination of all reverse time migrated CMP gathers yields a correct depth migrated section. This presupposes, however, a preliminary data processing and interpretation.     

Der Boden der südlichen Nordsee

Zusammenfassung In Gezeitengebieten wie dem vorliegenden (südliche Nordsee, wofür eine Neubearbeitung vorgelegt wird) wurde bisher meistens das den Seekarten und anderen Quellen entstammende Zahlenmaterial ohne weitere Beschickung als Grundlage für die Bearbeitung von Tiefenkarten verwendet.Dabei wurde und wird das Seekartennull meistens stillschweigend als Kartennull für Isobathenkarten mit übernommen, obwohl sich manche Bearbeiter der Fehlerhaftigkeit dieser Annahme wohl bewußt gewesen sein mögen. Besonders unangenehm macht sich diese Tatsache bemerkbar, wenn Isobathen des Seegebietes mit Isohypsen im Watt oder auf dem festen Lande und auf Inseln in Verbindung gebracht werden sollen.Die jetzt vorgelegte Tiefenkarte versucht, dieses Dilemma durch Berücksichtigung einer für das ganze Gebiet gültigen, also von dem örtlich verschiedenen Seekartennull unabhängigen Niveaufläche zu umgehen; es wird eine Methode angegeben, die im Gebiet der südlichen Nordsee angewandt wurde, und im Hinblick auf die Isobathenäquidistanz (10 m im Ergebnis, 5 m im Entwurf) kritisch auf die möglichen Fehler untersucht. Es wird ferner, erläutert an einem konkreten Beispiel, auf den Unterschied zwischen den Seekarten-Tiefenlinien (nautischen Warnlinien) und echten morphologischen Isobathen hingewiesen; allerdings ist ein Anschluß der so gewonnenen Niveaufläche für die Tiefen der südlichen Nordsee an die beiderseitigen Landeshorizonte noch nicht möglich.

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A new bathymetric chart of the Southern North Sea

Summary For charts of tidal regions like that of the Southern North Sea, for which a revised edition is herewith presented, the numerical values required as basic elements for the construction of bathymetric charts have until now mostly been taken — without foregoing correction — from existing charts and other sources. Besides, in most cases, chart datum has been and still is continued to be used as ordnance datum for the construction of contour lines, though many a chart author may have been well aware of the uncorrectness of this procedure. The deficiency makes itself felt in a most disagreeable way when isobaths of the sea regions are to be combined with isohypses of regions of tidal flats or connected to such of the continent or of islands.The bathymetric chart herewith presented tries to avoid this uncorrectness by using a reference plane valid for all types of regions and, hence, independent of chart datum which is subject to local differences in height. The method that has been used for constructing the chart of the Southern North Sea is discussed and carefully scrutinized for any errors that may possibly occur with regard to the equidistance of isobaths (in this case 10 m on fair charts, 5 m on plotting charts). In addition, by way of practical example, attention is called to the difference existing between depth contours on charts (nautical danger lines) and true morphologic isobaths. It is, however, not yet possible to connect the new reference plane on which the depth contours on the new bathymetric chart of the Southern North Sea have been based to the ordnance datum used in mapping the countries adjoining the area covered by the new chart.

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Une nouvelle carte bathymétrique de la partie sud de la mer du Nord

Résumé Pour l'établissement des cartes bathymétriques représentant des zones soumises à la marée comme celle de la partie sud de la mer du Nord, on s'est jusqu'ici servi des valeurs numériqúes provenant des cartes marines et d'autres sources, sans avoir corrigé ces valeurs avant leur usage. En outre, on a employé le plus souvent, et on continue encore à employer le «zéro hydrographique» comme «zéro du nivellement général» pour la construction de lignes de niveau bienque beaucoup d'auteurs de cartes se soient, sans doute, rendu compte de l'inexactitude de cette méthode. Cette défectuosit é présente des inconvénients extraordinaires lorsque des isobathes de la région marine sont à com biner avec des isohypses de zones couvrantes et découvrantes ou à relier à celles du continent.Par rapport à l'édition refondue de la carte bathymétrique présentée avec ce travail et représentant la zone soumise à la marée de la région sud de la mer du Nord, on a essayé d'éviter cette inexactitude par l'introduction d'un nouveau plan de référence qui est valable pour des régions de caractères bien différents, et qui ne dépend pas du zéro hydrographique soumis à des différences locales en hauteur. La méthode qui fut appliquée à l'établissement de cette carte est discutée dans ce travail et examinée avec soin pour éviter que des erreurs pourraient s'introduire dans des équidistances des isobathes (dans ce cas, 10 m sur les minutes de rédaction, 5 m sur les minutes de construction). En outre, un exemple pratique sert à attirer l'attention sur la différence entre des lignes de niveau (limites de danger) indiquées sur des cartes marines et des isobathes vraiment morphologiques. Cependant, il n'est pas encore possible de relier le nouveau plan de référence sur lequel s'appuient les lignes de niveau de la nouvelle carte bathymétrique, au zéro du nivellement général en usage pour la représentation topographique des pays contigues à la région couverte par cette carte.

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Die Karte kann auch einzeln zum Preis von DM 3,- je Stück durch den Buchhandel oder unmittelbar vom D.H.I. bezogen werden (Druckschrift Nr. 2560 des D.H.I.).     

Ccd Photometry of the Neglected Contact Binaries V344 Lac and V1191 Cyg

New photoelectric and CCD observations of the eclipsing contact binary systems V344 Lac and V1191 Cyg are presented and analyzed. All available times of minimum light were used to study period changes of the systems and determine up-to-date ephemerides. The orbital period of V1191 Cyg is found to be increasing at a very fast rate. The photometric elements were determined using the new light curve, radial-velocity curve and broadening function fitting code ROCHE.     

Role of renewable energy in climate mitigation: a synthesis of recent scenarios

The role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation is explored through a review of 162 recent medium- to long-term scenarios from 15 large-scale, energy-economic and integrated assessment models. The current state of knowledge from this community is assessed and its implications drawn for the strategic context in which policymakers and other decision-makers might consider renewable energy. The scenario set is distinguished from previous ones in that it contains more detailed information on renewable deployment levels. All the scenarios in this study were published during or after 2006. Within the context of a large-scale assessment, the analysis is guided primarily by four questions. What sorts of future levels of renewable energy deployment are consistent with different CO₂ concentration goals? Which classes of renewable energy will be the most prominent energy producers and how quickly might they expand production? Where might an expansion in renewable energy occur? What is the linkage between the costs of mitigation and an expansion of renewable energy?     

V475 Sct (Nova Scuti 2003) – Binary or Triple System?

UBV RI photometry and 4600–9000 Å spectroscopy of nova V475 Sct taken in the first 3 month after discovery is presented. The object can be classified as a Fe II type slow nova with t _2,V = 48 days, t _3,V = 53 days. The absolute magnitude of the nova at maximum, its colour excess and distance were determined. The observed 13.4 day periodicity of flares can be explained by the mass transfer bursts from the red to the white dwarf, probably caused by the periastron passage of a third body. Two sets of absorptions are seen in the P Cyg-type Hα line profile. They arise in the expanding shell of the nova.     

Schallweicher und schallharter Boden im Bereich des Stoller Grundes (Kieler Bucht) in Beziehung zur Geologie

Summary Comparisons between three series of echo soundings taken by the survey- and research ships Meteor and Gauss across the shoals of the Stoller Grund and the Gabels Flach in 1934 and 1951 confirm that from the nature of the recorded echo qualitative conclusions in respect to the thickness of soft sedimentary layers can be drawn.

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Fonds amortissant et non-amortissant le son aux alentours du Stoller Grand et du Gabeis Flach (Kieler Bucht) — discutés par rapport à la géologie

Résumé Trois séries de sondages par écho qui furent effectués par dessus les bancs de sables du Stoller Grund et du Gabels Flach (Kieler Bucht) en 1934 et 1951 au bord du Meteor et du Gauss, navires hydrographiques et explorateurs, sont comparées entre elles. Ces comparaisons confirment qu'il est possible de déduire qualitativement de la nature des enregistrements l'épaisseur des couches de sédiments moux.

     

The role of technology for achieving climate policy objectives: overview of the EMF 27 study on global technology and climate policy strategies

This article presents the synthesis of results from the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum Study 27, an inter-comparison of 18 energy-economy and integrated assessment models. The study investigated the importance of individual mitigation options such as energy intensity improvements, carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, solar and wind power and bioenergy for climate mitigation. Limiting the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration to 450 or 550 ppm CO₂ equivalent by 2100 would require a decarbonization of the global energy system in the 21^st century. Robust characteristics of the energy transformation are increased energy intensity improvements and the electrification of energy end use coupled with a fast decarbonization of the electricity sector. Non-electric energy end use is hardest to decarbonize, particularly in the transport sector. Technology is a key element of climate mitigation. Versatile technologies such as CCS and bioenergy are found to be most important, due in part to their combined ability to produce negative emissions. The importance of individual low-carbon electricity technologies is more limited due to the many alternatives in the sector. The scale of the energy transformation is larger for the 450 ppm than for the 550 ppm CO₂e target. As a result, the achievability and the costs of the 450 ppm target are more sensitive to variations in technology availability.     

Interbasinal marker intervals—A case study from the Jurassic basins of Kachchh and Jaisalmer,western India

The Kachchh Basin and the Jaisalmer Basin are two neighboring Mesozoic sedimentary basins at the western margin of the Indian craton. The Jurassic succession of the Kachchh Basin is more complete and more fossiliferous than that of the Jaisalmer Basin. Consequently, intrabasinal correlation of the sedimentary units has been possible in the Kachchh Basin, but not in the Jaisalmer Basin. However, some marker beds existing in the Kachchh Basin can be recognized also in the Jaisalmer Basin. Ammonite evidence shows that they are time-equivalent. The following four units form marker intervals in both basins: (1) the pebbly rudstone unit with Isastrea bernardiana and Leptosphinctes of the Kaladongar Formation (Kachchh Basin) and the Isastrea bernardiana-bearing rudstone of the Jaisalmer Formation (Jaisalmer Basin) both represent transgressive systems tract deposits dated as Late Bajocian; (2) bioturbated micrites with anomalodesmatan bivalves within the Goradongar Yellow Flagstone Member (Kachchh Basin) and bioturbated units in the Fort Member (Jaisalmer Basin) represent maximum flooding zone deposits of the Middle to Late Bathonian; (3) trough-crossbedded, sandy pack- to grainstones of the Raimalro Limestone Member (Kachchh Basin) and the basal limestone-sandstone unit of the Kuldhar section of the Jaisalmer Formation (Jaisalmer Basin) correspond to Late Bathonain transgressive systems tract deposits; and (4) ferruginous ooid-bearing carbonates with hardgrounds of the Dhosa Oolite member (Kachchh Basin) and the middle part of the Jajiya Member (Jaisalmer Basin) are Oxfordian transgressive systems tract deposits. The fact that in both basins similar biofacies prevailed during certain time intervals demonstrates a common control of their depositional history. As the two basins represent different tectonic settings, the most likely controlling factors were the relative sea-level changes produced by eustatic processes, a common subsidence history of the northwestern margin of the Indian craton, and the paleoclimate.     

Ein submariner RÜcken im Arktischen Mittelmeer

Summary American and Soviet-Russian researches within the range of the so called pole of relative inaccessibility in the polar region are the subject of the foregoing concise report which leads up to the statement that the American explorers were the first to discover the Polar Ridge. Proceeding from the Polar Ridge as such, the existence of which is not in dispute, and considering the cartographic representations by the Russian explorers, it may be convenient to remember here Harris' hypothesis of a possible existence of the so called Harris-Land and to propose to call the recently newly discovered polar ridge—in contrast to the Russian explorers—Harris Ridge instead of Lomonosov Range.

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Une dorsale sousmarine polaire

Résumé Les recherches des savants américains et des explorateurs soviétiques dans le voisinage du »pÔle d'inaccessibilité relative« de la Région Polaire font l'object de ce rapport concis qui a conduit l'auteur à constater que les savants américains furent les premiers à découvrir la Dorsale Polaire. La Dorsale Polaire en soi, dont l'existence n'est pas contestée, et l'étude des représentations cartographiques des explorateurs soviétiques donnent lieu à rappeler ici l'hypothèse de Harris par rapport à la présence eventuelle de la Terre dite Harris. Il convient donc de proposer ici d'appeler cette dorsale sousmarine polaire découverte récemment — contrairement à l'habitude des savants russes—Dorsale Harris au lieu de Chaine Lomonosoff.

     

Großkreisdifferenzgleichen

Summary Echo soundings of the U.S. Cruiser Milwaukee in the Puerto Rico Trough in 1939 are briefly discussed, and two depths of 30246 feet or 9219 m, found at 19° 36 N, 68° 20.5 W and at 19° 35N, 68° 8.75W, are stated to be the greatest depths which are known so far in the Atlantic Ocean.