连续两次台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响

台风是影响东海最严重的自然灾害之一。本文在现场观测基础上,结合遥感与模型数据,研究了连续两个台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响。研究结果表明:连续两个台风过境情况下,虽然前面台风有助于后续台风对海洋上层进行垂直混合作用,但它对后续台风过后海洋表层温度(SST)的降低以及初级生产力的增加却起到了削弱作用;除了加强垂向混合过程,台风也可以改变海洋上层的平流输运过程,受此影响,部分海区上层温度、盐度以及叶绿素在台风后重新分布;台风对海区次表层叶绿素浓度的改变程度明显高于表层,某些站位次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)在台风刚过后被破坏,一段时间后SCM又重新出现,而且层内叶绿素浓度远高于台风前水平。     

Status of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreius</Emphasis> species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which, in turn, cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir, from impoundment of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China, may have affected native fish species. Thus, the status of two lotic freshwater fish species, Coreius heterodon and C. guichenoti, were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir, including fish abundance, individual composition, growth, condition, and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and, where available, from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance, slower growth, a less diversified age structure, poorer fish condition (indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore, after final impoundment, individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed, with young individuals becoming more abundant, while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.     

Solutions for Displacement and Stress in Strain-Softening Surrounding Rock Incorporating the Effects of Hydraulic–Mechanical Coupling and Rockbolts Effectiveness

This study focuses on the stress and displacement of a circular opening that is excavated in a strain-softening rock mass incorporating the effects of hydraulic–mechanical coupling and rockbolts effectiveness. It follows the generalized Hoek–Brown failure criterion. Moreover, an improved numerical approach and stepwise procedure are proposed. This approach considers the deterioration of the strength, deformation, and dilation angle and the variation of elastic strain in the plastic region considering the effect of the hydraulic–mechanical coupling and the rockbolts effectiveness. The presented solutions were validated by FLAC results. Several examples are conducted to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed solution through MATLAB programming. Parametric studies are also conducted to highlight the influences of hydraulic–mechanical coupling and rockbolts effectiveness on stress and displacement. Results show that stress and displacement, incorporating the effects of hydraulic–mechanical coupling and rockbolts effectiveness, are between those when hydraulic–mechanical coupling or rockbolts effectiveness is considered separately. However, this theory needs more verification from practical engineering.     

省界断面水资源监测站网建设实施与探讨

省界断面水资源监测是实行最严格水资源管理制度的重要基础工作,介绍了省界断面水资源监测站网建设的建设目标、主要任务、建设内容和投资,阐述了项目的实施和安排,并针对当前项目实施情况和特点,探讨了项目实施和运行管理需要注意的问题。     

Remote sensing of human beings – a perspective from nighttime light

City lights, fishing boats, and oil fields are the major sources of nighttime lights, therefore the nighttime light images provide a unique source to map human beings and their activities from outer space. While most of the scholars focused on application of nighttime light remote sensing in urbanization and regional development, the actual fields are much wider. This paper summarized the applications of nighttime light remote sensing into fields such as the estimation of socioeconomic parameters, monitoring urbanization, evaluation of important events, analyzing light pollution, fishery, etc. For estimation of socioeconomic parameters, the most promising progress is that Gross Domestic Product and its growth rate have been estimated with statistical data and nighttime light data using econometric models. For monitoring urbanization, urban area and its dynamics can be extracted using different classification methods, and spatial analysis has been employed to map urban agglomeration. As sharp changes of nighttime light are associated with important socioeconomic events, the images have been used to evaluate humanitarian disasters, especially in the current Syrian and Iraqi wars. Light pollution is another hotspot of nighttime light application, as the night light is related to some diseases and abnormal behavior of animals, and the nighttime light images can provide light pollution information on large scales so that it is much easier to analyze the effects of light pollutions. In each field, we listed typical cases of the applications. At last, future studies of nighttime light remote sensing have been predicted.     

顾及等级的城市公园绿地空间布局合理性分析

针对简单两步移动搜索法忽略资源辐射范围差异、对所有资源采用相同阈值范围的缺点,该文依据公园建设的不同标准对研究区域内的公园进行分类,为不同等级的公园设置不同的搜索半径,使得模型与现实情况更为相符,结果更为可靠。以深圳市龙岗区为例,综合运用距离分析、面积分析和改进的两步移动搜索法对研究区域的公园布局评价,评价结果较好地反映了龙岗区公园的布局情况。     

社交媒体地理大数据的旅游景点热度分析

针对大数据时代,蕴含地理位置信息的社交媒体(Social Media)数据规模正呈爆炸性增长,通过对这类时空数据的挖掘可以整合用户的群体智慧,发现热门景点或线路,为用户提供更加精细的旅行服务。该文基于2005—2016年Flickr图片分享网站中用户分享的带地理标签的图片信息,通过空间聚类以及文本语义挖掘的方法对北京市的热门景点进行了提取。此外,本文还利用北京市的历史天气信息与用户图片信息进行融合,分析在不同时间、不同天气情景下,不同景点的热度分布规律,可以为旅行爱好者提供热门景点在多种视角下的游览规律。     

云南绿春黄草岭地区花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学特征及地质意义

金沙江-哀牢山缝合带系三江特提斯构造域东缘一条重要的古特提斯缝合带,其南段哀牢山缝合带闭合的时限及其岩浆活动响应,尚缺乏精确的年代学与岩石地球化学制约。本文对出露于哀牢山缝合带南部绿春地区黄草岭的花岗岩类进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学与全岩主量、微量元素地球化学研究,获得花岗岩的形成年龄为249.8±4.3Ma。地球化学特征表明,该花岗岩具有K、Rb、U、Th和Pb正异常、Nb、Ta、Ti、Hf和Eu(0.29~0.37)负异常、过铝质与高钾钙碱质特征,属于S型花岗岩,形成于岛弧构造背景中。年代学和地球化学特征表明,哀牢山洋在早三叠世向西俯冲消减,绿春地区已出现成熟岛弧,并向陆-陆碰撞过渡。     

Using isotopic,hydrogeochemical-tracer and temperature data to characterize recharge and flow paths in a complex karst groundwater flow system in northern China

Isotopic and hydrogeochemical analysis, combined with temperature investigation, was conducted to characterize the flow system in the carbonate aquifer at Taiyuan, northern China. The previous division of karst subsystems in Taiyuan, i.e. the Xishan (XMK), Dongshan (DMK) and Beishan (BMK) mountain systems, were also examined. The measured δD, δ ¹⁸O and ³He/⁴He in water indicate that both thermal and cold groundwaters have a meteoric origin rather than deep crustal origin. Age dating using ³H and ¹⁴C shows that groundwater samples from discharge zones along faults located at the margin of mountains in the XMK and DMK are a mixture of paleometeoric thermal waters and younger cold waters from local flow systems. ¹⁴C data suggest that the average age was about 10,000 years and 4,000 years for thermal and cold groundwater in discharge zones, respectively. Based on the data of temperature, water solute chemical properties, ¹⁴C, δ ³⁴S_SO4, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ ¹⁸O, different flow paths in the XMK and DMK were distinguished. Shallow groundwater passes through the upper Ordovician formations, producing younger waters at the discharge zone (low temperature and ionic concentration and enriched D and ¹⁸O). Deep groundwater flows through the lower Ordovician and Cambrian formations, producing older waters at the discharge zone (high ionic concentration and temperature and depleted D and ¹⁸O). At the margin of mountains, groundwater in deep systems flows vertically up along faults and mixes with groundwater from shallow flow systems. By contrast, only a single flow system through the entire Cambrian to Ordovician formations occurs in the BMK.