Investigation of rupture process of the 1999 M =5.4 Xiuyan, Liaoning, earthquake sequence

Conclusions The sequence of the November 29, 1999 Xiuyan, Liaoning, earthquake withM _S=5.4 is relocated, and its rupture process is analyzed. Results are as follows: The rupture extended mainly before the January 12, 2000,M _S=5.1 earthquake. There are two phases of rupture extending: The first phase was before the November 29, 1999,M _S=5.4 earthquake, epicenters were situated within a small region with a dimension of about 5 km, and the focal depth increased. It shows that the rupture mainly extended from shallow part to deep in the vertical direction. The second phase was between theM _S=5.4 earthquake and theM _S=5.1 earthquake, earthquakes migrated along southeast, the focal depth decreased. It indicates that the rupture extended along southeast and from deep to shallow part. Foundation item: The Project of “Mechanism and Prediction of the Strong Continental Earthquake” (95-13-05-04). Contribution No. 01FE2017, Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Different Kinds of Crude Oils in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Based on the compositions and distributions of biomarkers in thirty-five representative oil samples, oils from the Tarim Basin of northwestern China are mainly divided into two oil families. One oil family contains relatively low amounts of C₁₅-C₂₀ isoprenoid hydrocarbons and shows pristane predominance with Pr/Ph ratios ranging from 1.50 to 3.00. The GC/MS analytical data of these oils show the occurrence of abundant hopanes, and low concentrations of steranes and tricyclic terpanes with hopanes/steranes ratios from 6.25 to 12.24 and tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios from 0.03 to 0.24. These oils contain low drimane relative to homodrimane (C₁₅/C₁₆ < 1.0) and abundant rearranged bicyclanes in bicyclic sesquiterpanes. They are dominated by low carbon number (C₁₉-C₂₁) compounds in the tricyclic terpanes, and are rich in rearranged hopanes, C₂₉Ts and an unknown C₃₀ compound in pentacyclic triterpanes. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the oils were generated mainly from terrigenous organic matter. The other oil family shows remarkably different biomarker compositions and distributions. The oils revealed Pr/Ph ratios of about 1.0, high drimane/homodrimane ratios (>1.0), low hopanes/steranes ratios (0.65–2.50), high tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios (0.30–2.00) and a dominant peak at C₂₃ in tricyclic tepanes, suggesting a marine organic origin. Oil-source rock correlation indicates that these two oil families seem to have been derived from Mesozoic Jurassic-Triassic terrestrial source rocks (shales and coal seams) and Lower Paleozoic Ordovician-Cambrian marine source rocks, respectively.     

Long-distance correlation between tectonic-controlled, isolated carbonate platforms by cyclostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the Devonian of South China

During the early Middle Devonian in South China, an extensive carbonate platform was broken up through extension to create a complex pattern of platforms, and interplatform basins. In Givetian and Frasnian carbonate successions, five depositional facies, including peritidal, restricted shallow subtidal, semi‐restricted subtidal, intermediate subtidal and deep subtidal facies, and 18 lithofacies units are recognized from measured sections on three isolated platforms. These deposits are arranged into metre‐scale, upward‐shallowing peritidal and subtidal cycles. Nine third‐order sequences are identified from changes in cycle stacking patterns, vertical facies changes and the stratigraphic distribution of subaerial exposure indicators. These sequences mostly consist of a lower transgressive part and an upper regressive part. Transgressive packages are dominated by thicker‐than‐average subtidal cycles, and regressive packages by thinner‐than‐average peritidal cycles. Sequence boundaries are transitional zones composed of stacked, high‐frequency, thinner‐than‐average cycles with upward‐increasing intensity of subaerial exposure, rather than individual, laterally traceable surfaces. These sequences can be further grouped into catch‐up and keep‐up sequence sets from the long‐term (second‐order) changes in accommodation and vertical facies changes. Catch‐up sequences are characterized by relatively thick cycle packages with a high percentage of intermediate to shallow subtidal facies, and even deep subtidal facies locally within some individual sequences, recording long‐term accommodation gain. Keep‐up sequences are characterized by relatively thin cycle packages with a high percentage of peritidal facies within sequences, recording long‐term accommodation loss. Correlation of long‐term accommodation changes expressed by Fischer plots reveals that during the late Givetian to early Frasnian increased accommodation loss on platforms coincided with increased accommodation gain in interplatform basins. This suggests that movement on faults resulted in the relative uplift of platforms and subsidence of interplatform basins. In the early Frasnian, extensive siliceous deposits in most interplatform basins and megabreccias at basin margins correspond to exposure disconformities on platforms.     

水文水井抽水试验参数自动监测系统的研制与应用

将现代计算机检测技术与水文水井抽水试验相结合，开发研制了多参数自动监测系统，可对抽水试验中孔内水位、水温和出水量进行实时同步检测，该系统在实际工程中得到了应用与验证。介绍了该系统的组成、检测原理、主要性能参数及生产试验情况。     

边角权匹配对城市大型导线网平差结果精度影响分析

通过某工业城市大型一级导线网观测成果的限差检验、观测数据处理，探讨导线网平差时、，边、角验权的合理选择和匹配，及其对平差结果的精度影响，从中得出一些认识和有益的经验。     

河套华北地区旱涝的前期环流异常与大西洋海温的关系及其数值模拟

首先分析了河套华北地区旱涝的前期异常环流，然后探讨了这种异常环流形成的机制，最后采用了ＯＳＵ－ＡＧＣＭ作了大西洋地区热源异常强迫的数值试验。结果表明，大西洋地区海温异常强迫激发的定常波向上、下游的能量传播，造成的前期秋冬季环流异常与河套华北地区的夏季旱涝有较好的对应关系。     

1992年16号台风的数值研究

利用北京大学地球物理系暴雨监测与预报国家重点实验室发展的有限区域数值预报模式，对１９９２年１６号台风进行了１２ｈ数值模拟。时间是从８月３１日１２时（世界时）到９月１日００时。结果显示：模式预报的台风和实际台风的移动方向一致，移动距离相当。模式清楚地预报出了由台风倒槽所造成的强降水。这表明模式对台风路径、台风降水等都有较强的预报能力。还进行了对比实验，研究地形和积云对流等对登陆台风发展和降水的影响。结果表明：地形对台风的位置和降水有重大影响，积云对流除了对台风强度有影响之外，对台风环流的位置和台风的移动速度也有影响。     

论大气模式的垂直离散(Ⅱ)──垂直离散

提出了用ｌｎσ等距分层和Ｔｓｃｈｅｂｙｓｃｈｅｆｆ多项式沿垂直方向展开气象要素的方案；并证明：在绝热无耗散且时间和水平方向要素连续的情况，可以在高精度条件下，保证质量和能量守恒，且具有正确的动、位能之间的转换关系。数值计算表明：两方案均有较高的计算精度；在积分静力方程时，位势高度计算误差显著小于ＥＣ７９方案。     

热带气旋暴雨增幅造成北方特大暴雨的预报

利用人工神经元网络的非线性决策特性，采用前向多层的误差反向传输网络，研制了一个登陆北上热带气旋暴雨增幅造成北方特大暴雨的预报方法－－能自动判虽有无暴雨增幅及其出现地区的人工神经元分类预报网络。该方法简便客观，试用效果较好，即可投入业务使用。     

计算机仿真模型的灵敏度分析

计算机仿真模型的灵敏度分析，是仿真建模中的重要研究内容，对实际系统的建立和优化具有重要意义。本文主要研究了在用蒙特卡洛方法仿真随机系统时，其仿真模型（输出）的灵敏度（导数、梯度、Ｈｅｓｓｉａｎ矩阵等），对系统性能函数和灵敏度的参数估计进行了探讨，并结合实际应用系统，对结论进行了分析比较。