重庆市经济发展水平的区域差异研究

建立了重庆市区域经济发展水平的指标体系,利用层次分析法确定指标权重,根据１９９６年统计数据对全市４３个区（市,县）进行综合评价,并依据综合评价价值划分４个经济发展梯度区,据此揭示了区域差异的空间特点,并讨论了区域差异的成因及缩小区域差异的对策。     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地半固定沙垄顶部风沙运动规律

利用DETI可移动测风系统,结合多向集沙、阶梯式积沙和总体沙面活动强度观测,系统研究了古尔班通古特沙漠腹地半固定沙垄表面风沙运动规律。结果表明:沙漠腹地沙垄两坡和垄间多被植被与生物结皮覆盖,地表处于稳定状态,地表输沙主要集中于垄顶部至两坡上部。系统性天气条件下,气流以净风状态在迎风坡持续加速,至垄顶迎风侧边缘流速增至最大并开始起沙,风沙流越过垄顶后受植被阻挡和回旋涡流的双重影响,在垄顶背风侧上部急剧减速并发生沙物质沉积,此后气流速度又逐渐恢复。起沙风由沙垄两侧交替入射,不断将沙物质从垄顶一侧搬运到另一侧。流动带两侧沙面活动剧烈,流动带中部作为过沙床面,蚀积变化低于两侧。垄顶输沙量沿垂线方向呈指数分布,输沙率、各高度层输沙量以及沙物质输移高度都随着风速的增大而增大。垄顶部距地表6 cm和10 cm以内的输沙量分别占总输沙量的80%和90%。垄顶输沙势与实测输沙量之间具有良好的相关性,初步推测1VU的输沙风能在垄顶1 m的过沙宽度上可以产生25 kg的输沙。     

Has climate change driven spatio-temporal changes of cropland in northern China since the 1970s?

Improving the understanding of cropland change and its driving factors is a current focus for policy decision-makers in China. The datasets of cropland and cropland changes from the 1970s to the 2000s were used to explore whether climate change has produced spatio-temporal changes to cropland in northern China since the 1970s. Two representative indicators of heat and water resources, which are important determinants of crop growth and productivity, were considered to track climate change, including active accumulated temperatures ≥10 °C (AAT10) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Our results showed that rapid cropland change has occurred in northern China since the 1970s, and the area of cropland reclamation (10.23 million ha) was much greater than that of abandoned cropland (2.94 million ha). In the 2000s, the area of cropland with AAT10 higher than 3,000 °C·d increased, while the area of cropland with an SPEI greater than 0.25 decreased compared to the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. It appears that climate warming has provided thermal conditions that have aided rapid cropland reclamation in northern China since the 1970s, and drier climatic conditions did not become a limiting factor for cropland reclamation, especially from the 1990s to the 2000s. Approximately 70 % of cropland reclamation areas were located in warmer but drier regions from the 1990s to the 2000s, and approximately 40 % of cropland abandonment occurred in warmer and wetter conditions that were suitable for agriculture during the periods from the 1970s to the 1980s and the 1990s to the 2000s. Our results suggest that climate change can be considered a driving factor of cropland change in the past several decades in northern China, in addition to socioeconomic factors.     

佛山市顺德区飞鹅山Ⅲ号滑坡形成机理与防治技术

采用工程地质钻探、物探、地质测绘及室内试验等技术方法探讨飞鹅山Ⅲ号滑坡形成机理与防治技术。结果表明：1）滑坡体主要岩性为泥质粉砂岩,飞鹅山滑坡属于新形成的深层中型牵引式滑坡,在平面上呈圈椅状。2）滑坡属于双层滑面滑坡,主滑面以中型深层滑坡为主,主滑体上部发育中型中厚层滑坡。3）滑坡产生的原因为：(1)泥质粉砂岩倾向与坡向基本一致,且岩层倾角为中等倾角;(2)人工开挖使坡脚形成高陡临空面,抗滑力大为降低;(3)雨水沿层面及节理裂隙入渗至坡体深部,大大增加岩土体容重,同时泥质粉砂岩遇水软化,抗剪强度显著降低。4）结合该滑坡区地质环境条件,采用坡面削坡+锚杆（索）+格构梁+双排预应力锚拉抗滑桩+三维网植草绿化+截排水+毛石挡墙的综合治理方法进行防治,监测结果显示该滑坡变形及位移已得到有效控制,整治效果良好。     

中国交通CO2排放时空格局演变及其影响因素——基于2000~2012年30个省（市）面板数据的分析

通过构建交通CO₂排放模型对2000~2012年中国30个省（市）的交通CO₂排放时空演变特征进行了分析。并采取“由大到小”逐步回归的建模方式,在传统的固定效应模型（面板数据模型）基础上引入时间固定效应,构建了双向固定效应模型对中国交通CO₂排放的社会经济、城市形态、交通发展等方面的影响因素进行研究。结果表明：2000~2012年期间,中国交通CO₂排放总量和人均交通CO₂排放量分别以9.29%和8.69%的年均增速增长,前者的区域差异呈先增后减趋势,后者的区域差异则首先呈周期性波动,而后一直保持减少趋势。人均GDP和城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入对人均交通CO₂排放具有显著的正向效应,表明社会经济发展和居民收入水平提高是交通CO₂排放增长的主要驱动因素。城市人口密度对交通CO₂排放亦具有显著的正向效应,这意味着未来中国应加强对城市人口密度的规划控制,以避免因人口过度集聚而额外增加产生交通CO₂排放。公共交通发展水平对交通CO₂排放增长具有显著的负向效应,但小汽车拥有率对交通CO₂排放的影响并不显著。     

民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型固沙植物生殖物候对气候变化的响应

通过对民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型固沙植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)1974-2009年开花及结实物候的观测,结合同步观测的气象资料,分析了3种植物生殖物候特征对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:(1)研究区年平均气温、年平均空气相对湿度呈增加趋势; 年降雨量波动,变幅不大; 20世纪90年代以来蒸发量呈显著下降趋势。(2)3种植物始花期提前,花期延长; 3种植物结实始期先延迟后缩短,结实期延长; (3)3种植物生殖物候与年降雨量、气温、空气相对湿度及前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温、累计空气相对湿度之间的相关性不一致; (4)3种植物始花期与前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温、累计空气相对湿度的相关性总体上表现为大于年降雨量、年均气温、年均空气相对湿度的相关性; 除空气平均相对湿度对结实始期影响大于前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温和累计空气相对湿度外,其他与开花物候相似,表明植物开花物候和结实物候与前期气象因子有着密切的关系,尤其是物候发生前期累计气象指标。     

我国南方持续性暴雨成因的TBB场分析

利用多种资料分析了2014年7月13—17日贵州持续性暴雨过程的中尺度环境场特征及贵阳极端降水成因,并以多个时次不同要素资料进行合成分析,构建此次梅雨锋西段持续性暴雨的天气学模型。结果表明：(1)此次贵州持续性暴雨发生在单阻型梅雨稳定的背景下,当地持续3~4 d的强降水由中低层低涡切变、低空急流及地面静止锋(梅雨锋)共同作用造成。(2)梅雨锋雨带的建立、维持及移动造成贵州不同区域出现强降水。此次过程梅雨锋雨带对贵州的影响分四个阶段,其中,第三阶段梅雨锋西段缓慢南压过程中多个β中尺度云团更替、合并及缓慢移动造成贵阳及周边部分县市降水量突破历史极值。(3)中低纬度系统相互作用使水汽输送异常偏强。7月16日白天当年第9号超强台风“威马逊”进入我国南海海面后促使副热带高压西侧向北输送的水汽加强,该水汽与来自孟加拉湾的强盛西南暖湿气流在贵州上空汇合、加强,形成异常偏强的水汽通量及水汽辐合中心,这可能是贵阳极端降水发生的重要原因。(4)相比2010—2014年5—9月贵阳发生的另外4场大暴雨过程,该过程更长的降水持续时间可能是贵阳极端降水发生的另一重要原因。(5)贵阳强降水期间,强降水的雷达回波表现为层状云-积云混合降水回波,并具有低质心暖云降水特征,同时径向速度图上可见强劲西南急流及中尺度气旋性辐合。

     

基于"3S"技术的于田绿洲湿地动态变化研究

以极端干旱区典型绿洲———于田绿洲为研究区,采用遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS)相结合的方法,进行了湿地资源调查,查明了于田绿洲湿地类型、区域分布及面积,应用模型和分形理论,探讨了于田绿洲湿地的动态变化特征,并分析了其发生动态变化的原因。研究结果对于干旱区绿洲湿地的合理开发和可持续发展有着重要现实意义。     

中国北方沙漠化土地防治区划(纲要)

根据中国北方沙漠化土地形成发展的历史和现代过程、分布特点、发展趋势及其综合防治途径和利用开发方向等,以"保护优先,重点防治,合理利用,协调发展"作为沙漠化防治的指导方针,在考虑自然条件、沙漠化发展阶段与程度和自然条件、资源利用开发与区域可持续发展方向一致性等原则的基础上,将中国北方沙漠化土地划分为4大区22小区。为因地制宜地沙漠化土地防治提供理论依据。     

Population,urbanization and economic scenarios over the Belt and Road region under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

The countries throughout the Belt and Road region account for more than 60% of the world's population and half of the global economy. Future changes in this area will have significant influences on the global economic growth, industrial structure and resource allocation. In this study, the proportion of the urban population to the total population and the gross domestic product were used to represent the levels of urbanization and economic development, respectively. The population, urbanization and economic levels of the Belt and Road countries for 2020–2050 were projected under the framework of the IPCC's shared socioeconomic pathways(SSPs), and the following conclusions are drawn.(1) The population, urbanization and economic levels in the Belt and Road region will likely increase under all five pathways. The population will increase by 2%–8%/10 a during 2020–2050 and reach 5.0–6.0 billion in 2050. Meanwhile, the urbanization rate will increase by 1.4%–7.5%/10 a and reach 49%–75%. The GDP will increase by 17%–34%/10 a and reach 134–243 trillion USD.(2) Large differences will appear under different scenarios. The SSP1 and SSP5 pathways demonstrate relatively high urbanization and economic levels, but the population size is comparatively smaller; SSP3 shows the opposite trend. Meanwhile, the economy develops slowly under SSP4, but it has a relatively high urbanization level, while SSP2 exhibits an intermediate trend.(3) In 2050, the population will increase relative to 2016 in most countries, and population size in the fastest growing country in Central Asia and the Middle East countries will be more than double. Urbanization will develop rapidly in South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, and will increase by more than 150% in the fastest growing countries. The economy will grow fastest in South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia, and increase by more than 10 times in some counties with rapid economic development.