滇东北Pb-Zn-(Ag)多金属矿床找矿突破关键基础地质问题

梳理过去几十年对滇东北地区铅锌（银）多金属矿的科学研究成果和找矿勘查经验发现,一些影响找矿突破的关键基础地质问题始终难以达成共识或长久未被解决。文章以“三位一体”找矿预测方法为指导,围绕成矿地质体、成矿构造及成矿作用特征标志等直接影响推测矿体（床）全部地质特征的内容进行系统论述,综合分析认为：滇东北地区主要产出以茂租铅锌矿为代表的层控型矿床和以乐红铅锌矿为代表的构造控矿型矿床,成矿地质体为高原陆核地体系统内的坳陷盆地,成矿构造主要为SN向深断裂带、NW向深断裂带及NE向深断裂所引起的次生构造,矿床成因与沉积及后期热液改造有直接关系,成矿时代主要集中在晚三叠世,成矿物质主要来源于震旦系碳酸盐岩地层,成矿机制为古特提斯向扬子板块西南缘俯冲驱动陆内盆地的热、气、液反复循环,不断改造-萃取-富集成矿。     

交流电弧直读发射光谱法测定地球化学样品中银、硼、锡、钼、铅的方法研究

本文建立了交流电弧直读原子发射光谱法测定地球化学样品中银、硼、锡、钼、铅的分析方法。以K2S2O7、NaF、Al2O3、碳粉为缓冲剂,Ge为内标,优选了分析线对,曝光时间为25s,同时扣除分析线和内标线背景。选取国家一级地球化学标准物质（GBW07103、GBW07104、GBW07107、GBW07312、GBW07302a、GBW07304a、GBW07305a、GBW07307a、GBW07406、GBW07446、GBW07454、GBW07456）作为标准系列,以对数坐标二次曲线拟合标准曲线,并采取两次平行分析取平均值的计算方法。方法检出限为:Ag:0011×10-6、B:054×10-6、Sn:019×10-6、Mo:0034×10-6、Pb:066×10-6,精密度为:Ag:401%～833%、B:377%～786%、Sn:294%～817%、Mo:303%～1094%、Pb:201%～1111%。经岩石、水系沉积物、土壤国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与认定值符合。本方法操作简便、工作效率高,是一种新的测定地球化学样品中银、硼、锡、钼、铅的分析方法,可推广应用于大批量地球化学样品的分析测试。     

北方岩溶地下水系统的研究方法——以三姑泉域为例

我国北方大型岩溶泉域有近百个,其汇水面积多在数百至数千平方公里。泉域内岩溶地下水系统结构复杂、运动途径迂回曲折。搞清其结构特征及地下水运动途径是建立水文地质概念模型和资源评价数学模型的基础。本文以三姑泉为例,探讨了利用地质结构场、水化学场、同位素场、水动力场相结合的方法,获得多重信息,相互补充,相互印证,建立较为逼真的岩溶地下水系统概念模型和数学模型,并在此基础上,对整个系统及各个子系统进行了水资源评价。      

Refertilization of ancient lithospheric mantle beneath the central North China Craton: Evidence from petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths

The petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in the Cenozoic basalts from Fanshi, the central North China Craton (NCC), provide constraints on the evolution of sub-continental lithospheric mantle. These peridotite xenoliths are mainly spinel-facies lherzolites with minor harzburgites. The lherzolites are characterized by low forsterite contents in olivines (Fo < 91) and light rare earth element (LREE) enrichments in clinopyroxenes. In contrast, the harzburgites are typified by high-Fo olivines (> 91), high-Cr# spinels and clinopyroxenes with low abundances of heavy REE (HREE). These features are similar to those from old refractory lithospheric mantle around the world, and thus interpreted to be relics of old lithospheric mantle. The old lithospheric mantle has been chemically modified by the influx of melts, as evidenced by the Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of clinopyroxenes and relatively lower Fo contents than typical Archean lithospheric mantle (Fo > 92.5). The Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of harzburgites are close to EM1-type mantle, and of the lherzolites are similar to bulk silicate earth. The latter could be the result of recent modification of old harzburgites by asthenospheric melt, which is strengthened by fertile compositions of minerals in the lherzolites. Therefore, the isotopic and chemical heterogeneities of the Fanshi peridotite xenoliths reflect the refertilization of ancient refractory lithospheric mantle by massive addition of asthenospheric melts. This may be an important mechanism for the lithospheric evolution beneath the Central NCC.     

吉林省白头山火山岩的岩石学研究

白头山火山位于吉林省东部,主要由一套粗面岩—钠闪碱流岩组成。岩石中长石斑晶的成分表现出逐步富Or的趋势。单斜辉石早期向富Fe,而晚期表现为向富NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆的方向演化。矿物成分变化规律的研究揭示了白头山火山岩与长白山玄武岩之间的成因联系。岩石主要元素化学成分在过碱性酸性岩系统的Q—Ab—Or相图及SiO₂—Al₂O₂—Na₂O+K₂O图上的投影,表明了白头山火山岩的演化主要是受碱性长石的分离结晶所控制,但在从粗面岩到石英粗面岩的演化过程中涉及少量斜长石组分的分离结晶。用最小二乘法对白头山火山岩的成因及其演化过程进行了定量模拟。所得结果与岩相学和岩石化学的分析结果相吻合,证实了白头山火山岩是由长白山玄武岩分离结晶形成的成因假说。根据热力学计算和过碱性岩石的高温高压实验,推测岩浆形成温度分别为1074—928℃,形成压力约在2-3kb。     

The origin of spongy texture in minerals of mantle xenoliths from the Western Qinling, central China

Spongy textures are observed in mantle peridotite xenoliths hosted in Cenozoic kamafugites from the Western Qinling, central China. These textures are mainly developed in clinopyroxenes and spinels, and occur as spongy rims consisting of low-Na clinopyroxene, ilmenite, and bubbles, enclosing nonspongy cores. The ilmenites and bubbles exhibit shapes and sizes that vary with the width of the spongy rims. The spongy-textured minerals preserve primary shapes and well-defined grain boundaries and do not show apparent interaction with contact minerals or observed melts except the subsequent melts forming melt pockets. The xenocrysts display reactive zoning textures with host magmas rather than spongy textures. Compositionally, the spongy rims are enriched in Ca, Ti, and most trace elements, have high Cr#, and are depleted in Na, Al, Fe, Al^VI, and Al^IV/Al^VI compared with the cores. These observations suggest that melts/host magmas did not play any significant role in the formation of the spongy textures. We therefore propose that spongy-textured clinopyroxenes and spinels in Western Qinling peridotite xenoliths developed from a decompression-induced partial melting event prior to formation of melt pockets and xenolith entrainment in host magmas.     

地面伽马能谱测量在我国地质填图中的初步应用

近年来,由于核技术的发展和认识的转变,地面γ能谱测量等放射性方法在我国地质填图工作中已得到广泛应用。本文介绍地面伽马能谱测量等放射性方法在我国地质填图中的作用及应用情况。     

重庆市区冬季热岛和湿岛效应的研究

1989年12月15日——1990年1月15日,重庆雾害课题组在市区进行了包含地面气象、边界层气象和大气污染等多种项目的外场综合观测。本文利用此观测资料,分析了城市热岛的水平分布,热岛和湿岛的垂直结构及其成因。     

森林小流域的降雨出流机制的探讨

本文简述了森林小流域中降雨—截流—下渗—地中水—地表水各个环节的作用。作者认为,在降雨出流过程中,下渗和土壤中的快速流是非常重要的部分,而地表出流所占的比例是比较小的。一般来说,森林土壤的下渗率比较大,森林流域的贮水能力也是很可观的。这些就决定了森林流域的产流不是霍顿产流,也不同于现在流行的许多产流理论和模式。在湿润地区形成产流区时的特点并非是表层土壤首先饱和,而是地下水位或被地下水支持的饱和毛细管带上升到表面附近使该区发生饱和,因而产生以及维持这种饱和状态所需的垂直下渗和地中水的侧向补给是流域是否发生产流的先决条件之一,而地表流可认为是回归流。此外,流域地中水产流对降雨响应过程可认为是由作用在毛细管带中的水的压力平衡受破坏而引起的,这个压力通过毛细管带传递到饱和带。作用在毛细管带中的水的压力平衡受破坏的原因可以是封存在土壤中的被瞬间压缩的空气压力作用,也可以是降雨直接接触到已发展至地表的非饱和毛细管带的上缘。     

中国东北耕地物候期对气候变化的响应(英文)

We investigated the responses of cropland phenophases to changes of agricultural thermal conditions in Northeast China using the SPOT-VGT Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) ten-day-composed time-series data, observed crop phenophases and the climate data collected from 1990 to 2010. First, the phenological parameters, such as the dates of onset-of-growth, peak-of-growth and end-of-growth as well as the length of the growing season, were extracted from the smoothed NVDI time-series dataset and showed an obvious correlation with the observed crop phenophases, including the stages of seedling, heading, maturity and the length of the growth period. Secondly, the spatio-temporal trends of the major thermal conditions (the first date of ≥10℃, the first frost date, the length of the temperature-allowing growth period and the accumulated temperature (AT) of ≥10℃) in Northeast China were illustrated and analyzed over the past 20 years. Thirdly, we focused on the responses of cropland phenophases to the thermal conditions changes. The results showed that the onset-of-growth date had an obvious positive correlation with the first date of ≥10℃ (P < 0.01), especially in the northern part of the Songnen Plain, the eastern part of the Sanjiang Plain and the middle and eastern parts of Jilin Province. For the extracted length of growing season and the observed growth period, notable correlations were found in almost same regions (P < 0.05). However, there was no obvious correlation between the end-of-growth date and the first frost date in the study area. Opposite correlations were observed between the length of the growing season and the AT of ≥10℃. In the northern part of the Songnen Plain, the eastern part of the Sanjiang Plain and the middle part of Jilin and Liaoning Provinces, the positive correlation coefficients were higher than the critical value of 0.05, whereas the negative correlation coefficients reached a level of 0.55 (P < 0.05) in the middle and southern parts of Heilongjiang Province and some parts of the Sanjiang Plain. This finding indicated that the crop growth periods were shortened because of the elevated temperature; in contrast, the extended growth period usually meant a crop transformation from early- or middle-maturing varieties into middle or late ones.