Processing Multibeam Backscatter Data

A new highly precise source of data has recently become available using multibeam sonar systems in hydrography. Multibeam sonar systems can provide hydrographic quality depth data as well as high-resolution seafloor sonar images. We utilize the seafloor backscatter strength data of each beam from multibeam sonar and the automatic classification technology so that we can get the seafloor type identification maps. In this article, analyzing all kinds of error effects in backscatter strength, data are based on the relationship between backscatter strength and seafloor types. We emphasize particularly analyzing the influences of local bottom slope and near nadir reflection in backscatter strength data. We also give the correction algorithms and results of these two influent factors. After processing the raw backscatter strength data and correcting error effects, we can get processed backscatter strength data which reflect the features of seafloor types only. Applying the processed backscatter strength data and mosaicked seafloor sonar images, we engage in seafloor classification and geomorphy interpretation in future research.     

从东亚大陆中、新生代的运动探讨南海的形成演化

根据古地磁、古生物地理和地质构造分析，东亚大陆在中生代中晚期至新生代初期大幅度向南运动；新生代中晚期以来大幅度向北运动。运动学模式发生巨大转变的时期，大致在始新世与渐新世之间，这与全球运动学和动力学发生的重大改组的时间相一致。由此提出大陆后退这一新的南海形成演化的运动学模式。     

南沙群岛海域沉积物古地磁参数对米兰科维奇周期的响应

对南沙群岛海域８７－１１柱样天然剩余磁化强度（ＮＲＭ）及９０－１０３柱样ＮＲＭ、磁化率（ｘ）、剩磁倾角（Ⅰ）等的功率谱分析表明：晚更新世以来该区沉积物的古地磁参数较好地反映了古气候、古环境的变化，响应着古气候变化的米兰科维奇天文学周期；在周期成分中，以地球轨道偏心率周期（ｅ）及岁差周期（ｐ）为主，地轴倾斜度周期（ε）无明显表现，同时获得了与特殊地球位置相关联的岁差半周期成分。研究还表明，古地磁参数存在着明显的对古气候变化的非线性响应，明显不同于开阔大洋；同时，不同的沉积单元，沉积物古地磁参数对古气候变化响应的灵敏度各不相同。     

初析赤潮成因研究的围隔实验结果──几个理化因子与硅藻赤 潮的关系

从１９９０年以来，在国家海洋局第三海洋研究所地临陆基水池中，应用围隔生态系实验技术对赤潮成因作了几次探索性的研究。针对４次人为引发赤潮的中尺度围隔实验的部分结果，结合已报道的厦门西海域赤潮过程，分析几个主要理化因子（水体稳定性，无机氮，无机磷，可溶性锰锰，可溶性铁和维生Ｂ１２）与硅藻赤潮发生及其规模的关系。     

Analysis of influencing factors on fine sediment flocculation in the Changjiang Estuary

Based on the test data in dynamic water and static water, the main factors, which influence the fine sediment flocculation, are analyzed with a gray model method of correlation theory. It is shown that the main influencing factors are water temperature, settling time, salinity, grain size, sediment concentration and current velocity according to the correlation coefficients. Among them, the salinity and the sediment grain size are critical type influencing factors (CrTIF); the settling time, the sediment concentration and the velocity are continuous type influencing factors (CoTIF); and the water temperature has the characteristics of both. When the critical values of CrTIF are reached or exceeded, the fine sediments will be flocculated, but values of CrTIF will not influence the settlement strength of floes. The influence of CoTIF is continuous. The values of the CoTIF will not only influence the occurrence of flocculation but also the settlement strength of the floes.     

Paleomagnetism and paleoclimate change in the South China Sea since the late Pleistocene

Signal processing techniques of cross-correlation, power spectral analysis and cross-power spectral analysis are used to determine the relationships between paleomagnetic properties and the oxygen isotope record of the South China Sea during the late Pleistocene. On the basis of correlation tests between the δ18O time series of cores V3 and A15 with the paleomagnetic properties of core SCS01, five events of susceptibility and intensity of natural remanent magnetization are identified as glacial events corresponding to δ18O positive events. The magnetic properties of the sediments which are independent of the geomagnetic field are sensitive climatic indicators which have frequencies corresponding to the Milankovitch orbital parameters.     

东海赤潮高发区水体光谱吸收特性分析

赤潮是海洋中一种复杂的生态异常现象。赤潮的爆发、不仅严重影响近海景观,破坏水产养殖,危害人体健康,还对海洋生态平衡造成破坏,给人类造成惨重经济损失。近年来,在我国的赤潮观测记录中,赤潮的年发生次数逐渐增加,且面积不断增大,因此,对赤潮的发生发展机理及预测治理研究是科学家刻不容缓的研究课题。 赤潮发生时,赤潮生物大量聚集,使水体颜色发生明显变化,进而赤潮水体的光谱特征发生变化,且存在差异,使利用水色遥感监测赤潮成为可能,还可以用来区分赤潮种类的不同。水体光谱的变化特性(包括吸收与散射特性)是水色赤潮遥感监测的基础,是水色遥感生物光学算法开发的重要组成部分。因此对赤潮水体进行光谱吸收特性的分析研究对于发展研究海区的水色遥感生物光学算法及赤潮遥感监测方法都有重要意义。     

Petrology,phase equilibria modelling and zircon U–Pb geochronology of Paleoproterozoic mafic granulites from the Fuping Complex,North China Craton

The Fuping Complex is one of the important basement terranes within the central segment of the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) where mafic granulites are exposed as boudins within tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses. Garnet in these granulites shows compositional zoning with homogeneous cores formed in the peak metamorphic stage, surrounded by thin rims with an increase in almandine and decrease in grossular contents suggesting retrograde decompression and cooling. Petrological and phase equilibria studies including pseudosection calculation using thermocalc define a clockwise P–T path. The peak mineral assemblages comprise garnet+clinopyroxene+amphibole+quartz+plagioclase+K‐feldspar+ilmenite±orthopyroxene±magnetite, with metamorphic P–T conditions estimated at 8.2–9.2 kbar, 870–882 °C (15FP‐02), 9.6–11.3 kbar, 855–870 °C (15FP‐03) and 9.7–10.5 kbar, 880–900 °C (15FP‐06) respectively. The pseudosections for the subsequent retrograde stages based on relatively higher H₂O contents from P/T–M(H₂O) diagrams define the retrograde P–T conditions of <6.1 kbar, <795 °C (15FP‐02), 5.6–5.8 kbar, <795 °C (15FP‐03), and <9 kbar, <865 °C (15FP‐06) respectively. Data from LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating show that the mafic dyke protoliths of the granulite were emplaced at c. 2327 Ma. The metamorphic zircon shows two groups of ages at 1.96–1.90 Ga (peak at 1.93–1.92 Ga) and 1.89–1.80 Ga (peak at 1.86–1.83 Ga), consistent with the two metamorphic events widely reported from different segments of the TNCO. The 1.93–1.92 Ga ages are considered to date the peak granulite facies metamorphism, whereas the 1.86–1.83 Ga ages are correlated with the retrograde event. Thus, the collisional assembly of the major crustal blocks in the North China Craton (NCC) might have occurred during 1.93–1.90 Ga, marking the final cratonization of the NCC.     

Extended Finite Layer Method for Semi-space Ground Analysis

The layered nature of natural soil must be considered in ground engineering. To this end, a ground finite layer method (FLM) based on extended patterns is proposed on the basis of the principles of traditional FLM. First, the displacement mode of the layer element uses the multiplication form of a quintic fully polynomial and double series. By superposing the calculated solutions of four symmetric loading patterns, the extended FLM can be used to analyze the mechanical state of ground under various types of loads. Second, the selection principles and methods for some important parameters of the extended FLM are established by analyzing and discussing the stress and displacement characteristics of ground loaded with vertical unit force. Finally, after a comparison with the solutions of classical analytical methods, such as the Boussinesq, Mindlin, and Cerruti formulae, the extended FLM is verified to be rational and accurate outside of the loading influence range. Thus, the proposed method will be easier to use in practice due to its adaptability to layered ground; however, its scope of influence and its mechanism near the loading position require further research.