曲阜市区域自动站各站点气温差异分析

为了找出本地区气温变化规律并进行准确预报,统计了曲阜市区域自动站2007—2008年各季气温日较差平均情况及最高气温、最低气温差异的年、月、日的变化情况,并初步分析了造成气温变化的原因。统计表明,曲阜市区域站气温平均日差为10.2℃,春季最大,夏季最小;最高气温大小之差平均冬季最大,为1.5℃,秋季最小,为1.0℃;最低气温大小之差平均春季最大,为4.5℃,夏季最小,为1.3℃。气温变化原因除与季节变换有关外,还与天空状况、环境风、地理环境等有关。     

碳公平的测度:基于人均历史累计排放的碳基尼系数

以人均历史累计排放为基础,借用了收入分配公平的研究思路,以洛仑兹曲线和基尼系数为指标,尝试以一个综合性的指标测度排放空间中的分配公平问题。对碳基尼系数的分析表明,目前70%的排放空间被用于不公平分配,其分配差异同目前收入差异最悬殊的国家在同一水平上,解决碳公平问题迫在眉睫。基于人均累计排放的碳基尼系数可以用以度量碳排放空间的不平等,并为国际社会对碳公平的讨论提供一个量化的指标。     

Dynamics of local extreme rainfall of super Typhoon Soudelor (2015) in East China

The characteristics and dynamics associated with the distribution, intensity, and triggering factors of local severe precipitation in Zhejiang Province induced by Super Typhoon Soudelor (2015) were investigated using mesoscale surface observations, radar reflectivity, satellite nephograms, and the final (FNL) analyses of the Global Forecasting System (GFS) of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The rainfall processes during Soudelor’s landfall and translation over East China could be separated into four stages based on rainfall characteristics such as distribution, intensity, and corresponding dynamics. The relatively less precipitation in the first stage resulted from interaction between the easterly wind to the north flank of this tropical cyclone (TC) and the coastal topography along the southeast of Zhejiang Province, China. With landfall of the TC in East China during the second stage, precipitation maxima occurred because of interaction between the TC’s principal rainbands and the local topography from northeastern Fujian Province to southwestern Zhejiang Province. The distribution of precipitation presented significant asymmetric features in the third stage with maximal rainfall bands in the northeast quadrant of the TC when Soudelor’s track turned from westward to northward as the TC decayed rapidly. Finally, during the northward to northeastward translation of the TC in the fourth stage, the interaction between a mid-latitude weather system and the northern part of the TC resulted in transfer of the maximum rainfall from the north of Zhejiang Province to the north of Jiangsu Province, which represented the end of rainfall in Zhejiang Province. Further quantitative calculations of the rainfall rate induced by the interaction between local topography and TC circulation (defined as “orographic effects”) in the context of a one-dimensional simplified model showed that orographic effects were the primary factor determining the intensity of precipitation in this case, and accounted for over 50% of the total precipitation. The asymmetric distribution of the TC’s rainbands was closely related to the asymmetric distribution of moisture resulted from changes of the TC’s structure, and led to asymmetric distribution of local intense precipitation induced by Soudelor. Based on analysis of this TC, it could be concluded that local severe rainfall in the coastal regions of East China is closely related to changes of TC structure and intensity, as well as the outer rainbands. In addition, precipitation intensity and duration will increase correspondingly because of the complex interactions between the TC and local topography, and the particular TC track along large-scale steering flow. The results of this study may be useful for the understanding, prediction, and warning of disasters induced by local extreme rainfall caused by TCs, especially for facilitating forecasting and warning of flooding and mudslides associated with torrential rain caused by interactions between landfalling TCs and coastal topography.     

Research on Spatial Uniformity of Rainfall Generator

In order to improve the spatial uniformity of rainfall generator to natural rainfall uniformity, according to the rotation of the test platform, a rotary test platform was designed and developed, and the slip-ring was used to solve the problem of signal transmission in the process of the rotation. Besides, the relationship between rotational speed and spatial uniformity of rainfall generator was established. The results of tipping-bucket rain gauge tested in rainfall field and flow type rainfall intensity standard device testing demonstrated that rainfall generator as the rainfall accumulation and rainfall intensity of the test environment was feasible. Results showed that with the increase of the rotate speed, spatial uniformity first increased, and then decreases, and with the decrease of the test area, different speed presented different trends. When the rotational speed was 1 RPM, test area was 1.6 m×1.6 m and 1.2 m×1.2 m, its uniformity of rainfall generator reached maximum which was bigger than 95%; with the increase of the rotate speed, tipping-bucket rain gauge of RA and RI were of good consistency under the RPM 1 and RPM 2 and the RA maximum deviation reached minimum, 0.2 mm; the average of RA under flow type rainfall intensity standard device test consisted well with rotating test platform at speed RPM 1 and 2, which illustrated the rotary testing platform was consistent with the flow type rainfall intensity standard device. It showed that the method to improve the space uniformity of rainfall generator is feasible and it could find the dynamic difference of RA.     

A new model (DRARCH) for assessing groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination at basin scale: a case study in Taiyuan basin,northern China

A modified DRASTIC model for groundwater vulnerability assessment (abbreviated as DRARCH model by combining the first letters of its six assessment indices) was proposed. It is essentially the specific application of DRASTIC model rather than a new model. Both natural hydrogeological conditions that prevent groundwater from contamination and important intrinsic hydrogeochemical properties of sediments in vadose zone that are related to the retardation of contaminants were considered as vulnerability indices. The DRARCH model consists of six indices: (1) Depth to the water table, (2) net Recharge, (3) Aquifer thickness, (4) Ratio of cumulative thickness of clay layers to total thickness of vadose zone, (5) Contaminant adsorption coefficient of sediment in vadose zone, and (6) Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer. The rating values and the weights of these vulnerability indices were obtained by contaminant transport simulation and factor analysis method respectively. Furthermore, the DRARCH model was applied to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination in Taiyuan basin, northern China, where groundwaters with high arsenic concentration occur in some localities. GIS-based mapping of groundwater vulnerability using this model indicates that the distribution of very high and high-vulnerability areas corresponds well to that of high-arsenic groundwaters. The DRARCH model is therefore reliable and useful for guiding groundwater environment management.     

洛川姜石的矿物药材特征

用化学分析、光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、差热分析和扫描电镜等对产于陕西洛川黄土不同层位中的三种成因类型五种结构类型姜石测试表明,姜石是由方解石(为主)、石英、长石和粘土矿物伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石等构成的多矿物聚集体。 姜石作为矿物药材用于防治疾病,其药理作用主要在于含有具特殊疗效的微量元素和矿物成分。当方解石和具有强吸附性能及离子交换容量大的粘土矿物含量占一定比例时,疗效最佳。产于晚第三系三趾马红粘土层(N_2)和第四系早更新世午城黄土下部(Q_1~1),且具有碎斑状结构及均质结构的姜石药性最佳     

石笋与环境— — 石笋纹层形成的环境机理初探

石笋沉积的生长条带从剖面图式可分为两大类: 一类没有明确的沉积旋回界面,难以按层计数,称为“生长纹理” ; 另一类具有确定的沉积旋回界面,可以按层计数,称为“生长层理”。石笋生长层理可以发展成为一类重要的断代工具。中国北方型微层的形成可能主要与干湿季变化明显的气候条件、以及富含有机质和碱性交换态离子的土壤类型密切相关。而南方型微层的形成可能主要与较长时间的降水和有机质淋滤以及盛夏高温-少降水的配置有关。如果沉积物中某种要素对物源或水流通过路径的环境变化能够灵敏反应,并按一定的时间单元将这些变化记录下来,就能成为高分辨的气候— 环境变化信息库。      

盆地异常低压系统处置油田污水可行性

松辽盆地十屋断陷区油气分布复杂,勘探程度高,油田外排污水规模巨大,常规技术处理污水效果不理想。区内4 km以下部分地层呈负压态,若容储介质参数达到相应地质填埋标准,则可在工程实践中尝试应用。结合该区水文及地质资料,建立地下水流及污水污染物迁移数值模拟模型,模拟研究区低压系统入注污水时地下水流动特征及污染物的迁移规律,同时估算了系统空间污水容储量。在预测过程中,分析了断陷区负压形成机制及分布特点,同时结合虚拟粒子示踪及注水过程,对污水的环境影响度进行了预测。研究结果表明,十屋断陷异常低压区是一个天然污水封闭储藏区,系统地层压力梯度仅为0.005~0.008 MPa/m,容储量高达1.241×10⁸ m³,且污染物逃逸概率极小,非常适合油田污水的处置。     

应用地气、X荧光、氡气测量方法识别金矿含矿及无矿构造——以川西北阿西金矿和石棉田湾金矿为例

寻找构造带对于矿产勘查具有积极意义，对构造的含矿性进行判别，尤其对于野外地表露头无矿化显示及隐伏构造的含矿性更为关键。为了对构造的含矿性进行快速识别，采用X荧光测量方法、α怀测氡方法、地气测量方法等现场方法及不同方法技术的配合进行了金矿含矿与无矿构造的识别研究。川西北阿西金矿及石棉田湾金矿的试验结果表明，上述方法技术及其组合可以有效地判别金矿含矿和无矿构造。     

西天山阿吾拉勒地区二叠系塔尔得套组双峰式火山岩地球化学研究

西天山阿吾拉勒地区二叠系塔尔得套组火山岩由玄武岩、粗玄岩、玄武质粗安岩、流纹岩组成,其Si O2含量为49.1%~76.0%,在62.8%~70.8%之间存在一明显的间断,显示出双峰式火山岩的特征。玄武岩具有较高的Ti、Nb(8.13×10-6~14.9×10-6)及HFSE含量,表现出富铌玄武岩的特征。流纹岩含高的Si O2、K2O+Na2O、Fe OT、Fe OT/Mg O、低Al2O3、Ca O和Mg O,同时富集Th、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ga和Y等HFSE,具有A型花岗岩地球化学特征。玄武岩、玄武安山岩及流纹岩具有相似的钕同位素组成,εNd(t)值为0.05~2.72。根据钕同位素和岩石主微量元素特征判断它们同形成于受到拆沉下地壳混染的亏损地幔部分熔融。玄武安山岩和流纹岩是玄武岩浆上升过程中受地壳物质的混染并在中地壳岩浆房内发生充分的岩浆结晶分异后形成的。本区塔尔得套组双峰式火山岩的存在说明阿吾拉勒地区在二叠纪处于伸展构造背景,而A型花岗质流纹岩的确定进一步肯定了该区处于碰撞后的伸展阶段,从而证明西天山地区在二叠纪时北天山洋已完全封闭,并开始进入碰撞后的伸展发育阶段。