2014年2月北京PM2.5污染过程及天气形势分析

2014年2月19—27日,北京出现了重度污染及以上水平的霾天气,严重危害着人们的身体健康。以北京该段持续污染过程为研究对象,基于同期气象数据与PM2.5 观测数据,利用SPSS统计软件分析了PM2.5浓度与气象因子间的相关性,探究区域周边城市PM2.5 污染变化特征及其与地面天气形势之间的关系。研究结果表明,在一定的气象条件下,PM2.5 浓度与风速、相对湿度分别呈显著的负相关、正相关,与气压呈负相关,与气温无显著相关关系。同时,比较该时段北京市与周边区域7个城市的PM2.5 浓度变化趋势及后向轨迹分析,发现北京市与周边城市在相似的气象背景条件下,污染过程具有区域性特征。华北地区处于地面高压均压场控制时,地面风速小,逆温层明显,大气层结稳定,区域扩散条件差,弱偏南气流主导时间长,受局地源积累和区域输送的影响,污染物浓度累积上升,可形成持续霾天气。     

Characterization of preferential flow paths between boreholes in fractured rock using a nanoscale zero-valent iron tracer test

Recent advances in borehole geophysical techniques have improved characterization of cross-hole fracture flow. The direct detection of preferential flow paths in fractured rock, however, remains to be resolved. In this study, a novel approach using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI or ‘nano-iron’) as a tracer was developed for detecting fracture flow paths directly. Generally, only a few rock fractures are permeable while most are much less permeable. A heat-pulse flowmeter can be used to detect changes in flow velocity for delineating permeable fracture zones in the borehole and providing the design basis for the tracer test. When nano-iron particles are released in an injection well, they can migrate through the connecting permeable fracture and be attracted to a magnet array when arriving in an observation well. Such an attraction of incoming iron nanoparticles by the magnet can provide quantitative information for locating the position of the tracer inlet. A series of field experiments were conducted in two wells in fractured rock at a hydrogeological research station in Taiwan, to test the cross-hole migration of the nano-iron tracer through permeable connected fractures. The fluid conductivity recorded in the observation well confirmed the arrival of the injected nano-iron slurry. All of the iron nanoparticles attracted to the magnet array in the observation well were found at the depth of a permeable fracture zone delineated by the flowmeter. This study has demonstrated that integrating the nano-iron tracer test with flowmeter measurement has the potential to characterize preferential flow paths in fractured rock.     

连续两次台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响

台风是影响东海最严重的自然灾害之一。本文在现场观测基础上,结合遥感与模型数据,研究了连续两个台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响。研究结果表明:连续两个台风过境情况下,虽然前面台风有助于后续台风对海洋上层进行垂直混合作用,但它对后续台风过后海洋表层温度(SST)的降低以及初级生产力的增加却起到了削弱作用;除了加强垂向混合过程,台风也可以改变海洋上层的平流输运过程,受此影响,部分海区上层温度、盐度以及叶绿素在台风后重新分布;台风对海区次表层叶绿素浓度的改变程度明显高于表层,某些站位次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)在台风刚过后被破坏,一段时间后SCM又重新出现,而且层内叶绿素浓度远高于台风前水平。     

顾及等级的城市公园绿地空间布局合理性分析

针对简单两步移动搜索法忽略资源辐射范围差异、对所有资源采用相同阈值范围的缺点,该文依据公园建设的不同标准对研究区域内的公园进行分类,为不同等级的公园设置不同的搜索半径,使得模型与现实情况更为相符,结果更为可靠。以深圳市龙岗区为例,综合运用距离分析、面积分析和改进的两步移动搜索法对研究区域的公园布局评价,评价结果较好地反映了龙岗区公园的布局情况。     

云南绿春黄草岭地区花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学特征及地质意义

金沙江-哀牢山缝合带系三江特提斯构造域东缘一条重要的古特提斯缝合带,其南段哀牢山缝合带闭合的时限及其岩浆活动响应,尚缺乏精确的年代学与岩石地球化学制约。本文对出露于哀牢山缝合带南部绿春地区黄草岭的花岗岩类进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学与全岩主量、微量元素地球化学研究,获得花岗岩的形成年龄为249.8±4.3Ma。地球化学特征表明,该花岗岩具有K、Rb、U、Th和Pb正异常、Nb、Ta、Ti、Hf和Eu(0.29~0.37)负异常、过铝质与高钾钙碱质特征,属于S型花岗岩,形成于岛弧构造背景中。年代学和地球化学特征表明,哀牢山洋在早三叠世向西俯冲消减,绿春地区已出现成熟岛弧,并向陆-陆碰撞过渡。     

Using isotopic,hydrogeochemical-tracer and temperature data to characterize recharge and flow paths in a complex karst groundwater flow system in northern China

Isotopic and hydrogeochemical analysis, combined with temperature investigation, was conducted to characterize the flow system in the carbonate aquifer at Taiyuan, northern China. The previous division of karst subsystems in Taiyuan, i.e. the Xishan (XMK), Dongshan (DMK) and Beishan (BMK) mountain systems, were also examined. The measured δD, δ ¹⁸O and ³He/⁴He in water indicate that both thermal and cold groundwaters have a meteoric origin rather than deep crustal origin. Age dating using ³H and ¹⁴C shows that groundwater samples from discharge zones along faults located at the margin of mountains in the XMK and DMK are a mixture of paleometeoric thermal waters and younger cold waters from local flow systems. ¹⁴C data suggest that the average age was about 10,000 years and 4,000 years for thermal and cold groundwater in discharge zones, respectively. Based on the data of temperature, water solute chemical properties, ¹⁴C, δ ³⁴S_SO4, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ ¹⁸O, different flow paths in the XMK and DMK were distinguished. Shallow groundwater passes through the upper Ordovician formations, producing younger waters at the discharge zone (low temperature and ionic concentration and enriched D and ¹⁸O). Deep groundwater flows through the lower Ordovician and Cambrian formations, producing older waters at the discharge zone (high ionic concentration and temperature and depleted D and ¹⁸O). At the margin of mountains, groundwater in deep systems flows vertically up along faults and mixes with groundwater from shallow flow systems. By contrast, only a single flow system through the entire Cambrian to Ordovician formations occurs in the BMK.     

基于 K-Medoid 聚类算法的 GPS 坐标转换研究

对GPS网约束平差时,GPS控制网的精度与坐标系统转换控制点的位置选择有关。通过实验分析得出,整个网的检核点与相应的转换控制点总距离越远,坐标转换后网的精度越低。在此基础上,提出使用K-Medoid聚类算法,通过计算机程序自动寻找用于计算坐标系统转换参数的最佳控制点,并将文中方法运用于某大桥GPS控制网的控制点选取,通过工程实例验证了基于K-Medoid聚类方法的GPS坐标系统转换的可行性。     

一个新的非恒定型不规则波缓坡方程

缓坡方程由Ｂｅｒｋｈｏｆ所推导并在规则波折射绕射问题的研究上有着广泛的应用。然而对于不规则波折射绕射问题研究，缓坡方程还处于发展研究阶段，本文采用Ｐａｄｅ近似并仿Ｋｕｂｏ方法对缓坡波动方程进行了推导，得到了一个含有时间高阶导数项的不规则波缓坡方程，随即采用ＷＫＢ方法对这个不规则波的缓坡方程进行了简化，推导出一个较为实用的含有一阶时间导数的不规则波缓坡的波动方程。通过数值手段对所推导的不规则波缓坡方程进行了数值模拟，其结果与物模实验较为一致     

考虑桩土作用独桩海洋平台横向振动特性研究

采用动Winkler弹性地基梁模型模拟桩土问动力相互作用，并考虑了流体与桩问相互作用，通过组合成层土中、水中桩单元的刚度阵，推得了独桩海洋平台连续系统横向振动的动刚度阵及在波浪力作用下平台甲板处的频率响应函数，进而求得了在确定性波浪力及随机波浪力作用下桩身任意点的位移响应。最后，通过算例研究和分析了在随机波浪力作用下成层土参数、甲板上重量及冲刷淘深等因素对平台振动响应的影响。     

Simulation of T-bar penetration in soft clay with adhesive contact

Abstract

To model the deep penetration process of T-bar in soft clay, an adhesive contact algorithm was developed in conjunction with the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach with consideration of the effect of strain softening. Numerical results show the simulated penetration resistance agrees well with the previous centrifuge experimental data. The failure mechanisms of the clay around the T-bar can be divided into three stages, including shallow penetration stage with global failure mechanism, partially and fully back-flow stages with local failure mechanism. Fluctuations of the penetration resistance can be explained by the formation and evolution of shear bands around the T-bar. Newly formed shear bands would intersect the previously formed shear bands in the partially back-flow stage, which results in the formation of “ear-shaped” areas rotating anticlockwise around the T-bar. The evolution of shear bands would form a similar fabric structure in the fully back-flow stage.