全文获取类型
收费全文 | 222篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
大气科学 | 41篇 |
地球物理 | 29篇 |
地质学 | 112篇 |
海洋学 | 11篇 |
天文学 | 10篇 |
自然地理 | 24篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 1篇 |
2015年 | 2篇 |
2014年 | 2篇 |
2013年 | 22篇 |
2012年 | 6篇 |
2011年 | 9篇 |
2010年 | 9篇 |
2009年 | 15篇 |
2008年 | 8篇 |
2007年 | 8篇 |
2006年 | 11篇 |
2005年 | 11篇 |
2004年 | 4篇 |
2003年 | 13篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 4篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有227条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
42.
Combined Trace Element and Pb-Nd-Sr-O Isotope Evidence for Recycled Oceanic Crust (Upper and Lower) in the Iceland Mantle Plume 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
KOKFELT THOMAS FIND; HOERNLE KAJ; HAUFF FOLKMAR; FIEBIG JENS; WERNER REINHARD; GARBE-SCHONBERG DIETER 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(9):1705-1749
We present the results of a comprehensive major element, traceelement and SrNdPbO isotopic study of post-glacialvolcanic rocks from the Neovolcanic zones on Iceland. The rocksstudied range in composition from picrites and tholeiites, whichdominate in the main rift systems, to transitional and alkalicbasalts confined to the off-rift and propagating rift systems.There are good correlations of rock types with geochemical enrichmentparameters, such as La/Sm and La/Yb ratios, and with long-termradiogenic tracers, such as SrNdPb isotope ratios,indicating a long-lived enrichment/depletion history of thesource region. 87Sr/86Sr vs 143Nd/144Nd defines a negative array.Pb isotopes define well-correlated positive arrays on both 206Pb/204Pbvs 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb diagrams, indicating mixing ofat least two major components: an enriched component representedby the alkali basalts and a depleted component represented bythe picrites. In combined SrNdPb isotopic spacethe individual rift systems define coherent mixing arrays withslightly different compositions. The enriched component hasradiogenic Pb (206Pb/204Pb > 19·3) and very similargeochemistry to HIMU-type ocean island basalts (OIB). We ascribethis endmember to recycling of hydrothermally altered upperbasaltic oceanic crust. The depleted component that is sampledby the picrites has unradiogenic Pb (206Pb/204Pb < 17·8),but geochemical signatures distinct from that of normal mid-oceanridge basalt (N-MORB). Highly depleted tholeiites and picriteshave positive anomalies in mantle-normalized trace element diagramsfor Ba, Sr, and Eu (and in some cases also for K, Ti and P),negative anomalies for Hf and Zr, and low 18Oolivine values(4·65·0) below the normal mantle range.All of these features are internally correlated, and we, therefore,interpret them to reflect source characteristics and attributethem to recycled lower gabbroic oceanic crust. Regional compositionaldifferences exist for the depleted component. In SW Icelandit has distinctly higher Nb/U (68) and more radiogenic 206Pb/204Pbratios (18·2818·88) compared with the NErift (Nb/U 47; 206Pb/204Pb = 18·0718·47).These geochemical differences suggest that different packagesof recycled oceanic lithosphere exist beneath each rift. A thirdand minor component with relatively high 87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pbis found in a single volcano in SE Iceland (Öræfajökullvolcano), indicating the involvement of recycled sediments inthe source locally. The three plume components form an integralpart of ancient recycled oceanic lithosphere. The slope in theuranogenic Pb diagram indicates a recycling age of about 1·5Ga with time-integrated Th/U ratios of 3·01. Surprisingly,there is little evidence for the involvement of North AtlanticN-MORB source mantle, as would be expected from the interactionof the Iceland plume and the surrounding asthenosphere in formof plumeridge interaction. The preferential samplingof the enriched and depleted components in the off-rift andmain rift systems, respectively, can be explained by differencesin the geometry of the melting regions. In the off-rift areas,melting columns are truncated deeper and thus are shorter, whichleads to preferential melting of the enriched component, asthis starts melting deeper than the depleted component. In contrast,melting proceeds to shallower depths beneath the main rifts.The longer melting columns also produce significant amountsof melt from the more refractory (lower crustal/lithospheric)component. KEY WORDS: basalts; trace element and Sr, Nd, Pb, O isotope geochemistry; Iceland plume; isotope ratios; oceanic crustal recycling; partial melting; plumeridge interaction 相似文献
43.
SARAH M. SPRINGMAN LUKAS U. ARENSON YUKO YAMAMOTO HANSRUEDI MAURER ANDREW KOS THOMAS BUCHLI GUIDO DERUNGS 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2012,94(2):215-243
This paper recognizes the contribution of Professor Wilfried Haeberli for his inspiration and leadership in the field of permafrost science and his generous encouragement, both direct and indirect, to the ETH Researchers who have, through him, endeavoured to contribute to this fascinating research area. The multidisciplinary investigations described in this paper have focused on three rock glaciers, Muragl, Murtèl‐Corvatsch and Furggwanghorn, all of which have been subject to a varying degree of prior study, and which are continuing to attract new generations of researchers to understand and explain the processes and predict future behaviour. This paper marks a stage at which it is possible to summarize some advances in the state of the art and associated innovations that can be attributed to early motivation by Wilfried Haeberli and offers a tribute as well as gratitude for his ongoing feedback and advice. Some thoughts on the development of thermokarst due to water ponding and flow, and a conceptual model of geotechnical mechanisms that aim to explain some aspects of rock glacier kinematics, are also introduced. 相似文献
44.
ANIL K. SINHA THOMAS C. WAUGH 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):91-99
Abstract GEOVIEW, an integrated system, uses relational database technology and a graphics package (Graphical Kernel System) to offer a flexible environment in which to develop applications of geographical information systems (GIS). It has facilities to represent data in different spatial data structures. Data are stored and retrieved efficiently by using variable length raw data. The unified representation offers the benefit of storing entities in a single relation and eases the process of overlaying different entities. GEOVIEW also provides a mechanism for tailoring user interfaces to suit the needs of different applications by means of a facility to generate macros and menus. Processing requirements for GIS applications can be supported by using tools provided by relational database technology and by graphics packages. High-level language interfaces which can process dynamic statements and bind dynamic variables are needed to develop an efficient database interface module. A graphics segment facility is essential to provide editing functions and to maximize the use of the local processing power of graphics workstations in the graphics interface module. Further improvements in performance can be made by using the array fetch facility and linear keys for spatial searching. 相似文献
45.
PAUL V. BOLSTAD PAUL GESSLER THOMAS M. LILLESAND 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):399-412
Digital map coordinates represent the locations of real world entities. As such, differences can exist between the ‘tru’ and digital database coordinates of those entities. This paper reports on a statistical characterization of positional error in manually-digitized and map-registered point data, the relative contribution of point type and operator to digitization error, and the effects of map media type on the positional uncertainty associated with registration. Manually-digitized point data were collected by four operators from mylar and paper maps. Point locations for a number of different feature types were sampled from United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1:24 000 scale maps. Linear models were used to estimate the variance components due to among-operator, map media, point type and registration effects. The statistical distribution of signed distance deviations for manually-digitized data was leptokurtic relative to a random normal variate. Unsigned deviations averaged 0-054 mm. Squared distance deviations were not different from a Chi-square random variate. Variance components indicate that among-operator differences in positional uncertainty were large and statistically significant, while differences among point type were small and non-significant. Signed distance deviations associated with a first-order afhne followed a normal distribution. Unsigned distance deviations associated with a first-order affinc transformation averaged 0068mm, and squared distance deviations were distributed as a Chi-square. Differences in transformation accuracy were not related to type of map media. 相似文献
46.
PHILIP J. ASHWORTH GREGORY H. SAMBROOK SMITH JAMES L. BEST JOHN S. BRIDGE STUART N. LANE IAN. A. LUNT ARNOLD J. H. REESINK CHRISTOPHER J. SIMPSON ROBERT E. THOMAS 《Sedimentology》2011,58(7):1860-1883
The depositional stratigraphy of within‐channel deposits in sandy braided rivers is dominated by a variety of barforms (both singular ‘unit’ bars and complex ‘compound’ bars), as well as the infill of individual channels (herein termed ‘channel fills’). The deposits of bars and channel fills define the key components of facies models for braided rivers and their within‐channel heterogeneity, knowledge of which is important for reservoir characterization. However, few studies have sought to address the question of whether the deposits of bars and channel fills can be readily differentiated from each other. This paper presents the first quantitative study to achieve this aim, using aerial images of an evolving modern sandy braided river and geophysical imaging of its subsurface deposits. Aerial photographs taken between 2000 and 2004 document the abandonment and fill of a 1·3 km long, 80 m wide anabranch channel in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Upstream river regulation traps the majority of very fine sediment and there is little clay (< 1%) in the bed sediments. Channel abandonment was initiated by a series of unit bars that stalled and progressively blocked the anabranch entrance, together with dune deposition and stacking at the anabranch entrance and exit. Complete channel abandonment and subsequent fill of up to 3 m of sediment took approximately two years. Thirteen kilometres of ground‐penetrating radar surveys, coupled with 18 cores, were obtained over the channel fill and an adjacent 750 m long, 400 m wide, compound bar, enabling a quantitative analysis of the channel and bar deposits. Results show that, in terms of grain‐size trends, facies proportions and scale of deposits, there are only subtle differences between the channel fill and bar deposits which, therefore, renders them indistinguishable. Thus, it may be inappropriate to assign different geometric and sedimentological attributes to channel fill and bar facies in object‐based models of sandy braided river alluvial architecture. 相似文献
47.
Generation of Porphyritic and Equigranular Mafic Enclaves During Magma Recharge Events at Unzen Volcano, Japan 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
BROWNE BRANDON L.; EICHELBERGER JOHN C.; PATINO LINA C.; VOGEL THOMAS A.; DEHN JONATHAN; UTO KOZO; HOSHIZUMI HIDEO 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(2):301-328
Mafic to intermediate enclaves are evenly distributed throughoutthe dacitic 19911995 lava sequence of Unzen volcano,Japan, representing hundreds of mafic recharge events over thelife of the volcano. This study documents the morphological,textural, chemical, and petrological characteristics of theenclaves and coexisting silicic host lavas. The eruptive productsdescribed in this study appear to be general products of magmamingling, as the same textural types are seen at many othervolcanoes. Two types of magmatic enclaves, referred to as Porphyriticand Equigranular, are easily distinguished texturally. Porphyriticenclaves display a wide range in composition from basalt toandesite, are glass-rich, spherical and porphyritic, and containlarge, resorbed, plagioclase phenocrysts in a matrix of acicularcrystals and glass. Equigranular enclaves are andesitic, non-porphyritic,and consist of tabular, medium-grained microphenocrysts in amatrix glass that is in equilibrium with the host dacite magma.Porphyritic enclaves are produced when intruding basaltic magmaengulfs melt and phenocrysts of resident silicic magma at theirmutual interface. Equigranular enclaves are a product of a moreprolonged mixing and gradual crystallization at a slower coolingrate within the interior of the mafic intrusion. KEY WORDS: mafic enclaves; quenched mafic inclusions; magma mingling; Unzen volcano; Unzen Scientific Drilling Project; resorbed plagioclase 相似文献
48.
Metamorphism of Calcic Pelitic Schists, Strafford Dome, Vermont: Compositional Zoning and Reaction History 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
Four assemblages from calcic pelitic schists from South Strafford,Vermont, have been studied in detail to determine the relationshipbetween reaction history and compositional zoning of minerals.The lowest-grade assemblage is garnet + biotite + chlorite +plagioclase + epidote + quartz + muscovite + graphite + fluid.Along a path of isobaric heating, the net reaction is Chl +Ms + Ep + Gr = Grt + Bt + Pl + fluid. Garnet grows with decreasingFe/(Fe + Mg) and XSpa, (from 02 to 005), XGra staysnearly constant between 020 and 025, and plagioclasegrows with XAn increasing from peristerite to 0205. The subsequent evolution depends on whether chlorite or epidotereacts out first. If chlorite is removed from the assemblagefirst, the net reaction along an isobaric heating path becomesGrt + Ms + Ep + Qtz + Gr = Bt + Pl + fluid. XAn of plagioclaseincreases to 020070, depending on the bulk-rockcomposition and changes in pressure and temperature. If epidoteis removed first, the assemblage becomes a simple pelite andthe net reaction becomes Chl + Pl + Ms + Qtz = Grt + Bt + H2O.Plagioclase is consumed to provide Ca for growing garnet, andXAn, Fe/(Fe + Mg) of garnet, XGra, and XSpa all decrease. Afterboth chlorite and epidote are removed, continued heating upto the metamorphic peak of {small tilde}600C produces littleprogress of the reaction Grt + Ms = Bt + Pl; and XAn increases. The four assemblages have been numerically modeled using theGibbs method starting with measured compositions. The modelssuccessfully predict the observed compositional zoning and trendsof mineral growth and consumption along the computed PTpaths. The models also predict the compositional mineral zoningthat would have resulted from other PT paths.
* Present address: Department of Geology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 相似文献
49.
We examined the stability of fast ice areas in western and northern Spitsbergen, the area north of Nordaustlandet, the bays and sounds of Hinlopen Stretet and the large area in the northern part of Storfjorden. NOAA satellite imagery from 1974 and 1988 and NOAA (AVHRR) imagery from 1980-87 were used to determine the dates of freeze-up and break-up. The number of days of fast ice present before the nominal birth date of ringed seal pups were computed for all major bays and fjords. Ice thickness was then computed from these data. Known prime breeding habitat in Svalbard is found in areas near glacier fronts in protected fjords and bays, where densities of birth lairs are 5.46 km−2 , corresponding to a ringed seal female density of 2.6 km−2 . Most of the ringed seal breeding habitat in Svalbard, however, consists of flat fjord ice where snow accumulation is rarely deep enough to permit birth lair construction. In these areas pups are often born in the open. Based on breathing hole densities, the density of adult females in the flat ice areas in the breeding period was estimated to 0.98 km−2 . A preliminary estimate is that approximately 19,500 pups could be born annually in the fast ice of Svalbard. Annual recruitment could be quite variable given the unpredictable nature of the fast ice areas and the high predation mortality on newborn pups. Discrepancies between our calculated ringed seal production and numbers of seals required to feed the large polar bear population in the area signal cause for management concern. 相似文献
50.
ANN-MARIE ROBERTSSON JAN-OLOV SVEDLUND THOMAS ANDRÉN MARTIN SUNDH 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1997,26(3):237-260
Robertsson, A.-M., Svedlund, J.-O., Andrén, T. & Sundh, M. 1997 (September): Pleistocene stratigraphy in the Dellen region, central Sweden. Boreas, Vol. 26, pp. 237–260. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483. The Pleistocene stratigraphy in the Dellen region, central Sweden was studied using field observations made during mapping of Quaternary deposits and fabric analyses in excavated sections. The lithostratigraphy was also studied by seismic refraction measurements, analyses of grain-size distribution and organic carbon content. Biostratigraphical methods applied were pollen and diatom analyses. A general outline of the Pleistocene stratigraphy in the area is presented. Three different till beds are identified, the lowermost suggested to have been deposited during the Saalian glaciation and the other two during the Weichselian glaciation. According to the interpretation of the stratigraphy, it is questioned whether the first Weichselian ice sheet did in fact reach the Dellen area. A clayey sediment sequence at Norra Sannas accumulated during an interglacial, probably the Eemian. Most of the interglacial vegetation succession is reflected in the identified pollen flora. An initial phase with a light-demanding forest of Belula and Pinus was followed by immigration of Alnus, Picea and scattered occurrences of Corylus. A freshwater diatom flora was identified dominated by plankton taxa, e.g. Aulacoseira italica, A. distans and Cyclotella spp. In the lower part of the sequence a brackish-marine flora was registered, representing accumulation in a bay of the Eemian Sea. Fine-grained sediments at the Sundson and Vastansjd sites are interpreted as rebedded Eemian sediments according to the pollen flora. An (Early Weichselian) interstadial age is suggested for sediments found at Bjuraker. Dating by the 14C- and OSL methods was carried out on the interglacial and interstadial sediments, respectively. The ages range from approximately 19000 to 92000 BP. Correlation of interglacial vegetation history with central Finland and other areas is discussed. 相似文献