从业务角度来看人工影响天气需要什么?

1.引言三十年来,人工影响天气一直是在科学、社会、经济、法律、政治等各个侧面组成的迷宫中排难前进.作业是否恰当、效果是否可信,以及科研的重点何在等等,历来争论不绝. 人工影响天气面对种种变幻莫测的大气参数,难以量度、难以预测,比其他学科更难搞.目前,人工影响天气业务给人以各种不同的印象.科学界中不少人认为人工影响天气还不是一门可靠的应用技术.社会上很多人对人工影响天气表示怀疑.某些农业地区的经济学家认为人工影响天气价值很大,而另外一些地区则认为价值等于零.法律界关心人工影响天气引起的法律责任,而政界人物或认为对其选民有利,或避之唯恐不及.     

波罗的地盾东部的太古宇

太古宙的多期变质岩构成了波罗的地盾东部元古宙地层的褶皱基底,占据了被现令侵蚀面切割的70％地区。太古宇是由不同时代的数个岩石群构成的(在2600-3500Ma时限范围内)其中包括有白海系、科拉系、卡罗里达系基底杂岩和拉宾杂岩。白海系和科拉系主要是由片麻岩(铝质、斜长石和含闪岩的)和闪岩构成,总厚为5—7公里。在扎曼德拉(Zaimandra)、平克尔—贾维(Pinkel-jarvi)等地麻粒岩     

用火焰原子吸收法作地球化学微量元素分析的逐步溶剂萃取改进方案

原子吸收光谱法(AAS)目前已广泛应用于地球化学分布和地球化学勘查研究中的元素测定。在地质样品分析中,AAS法之所以被普遍采用,在很大程度上是由于易于购得合适的商品仪器,这些仪器具有操作简单、可靠和高效的特点。方法对许多有地质意义的元素可达到10^-6克(ppm)的检出灵敏度。     

电热式雨强计

本文介绍一种具有对数响应特性的电热式降雨强度计,该仪器是根据使降落到感应器表面的雨水加热蒸发所需要的电功率,以连续测量0.3—350毫米/小时的降水速率。外场试验表明,此仪器与标准翻斗雨量计的观测结果一致。 1.工作原理这种电热降雨强度计是根据四十年代在飞机积冰现象的研究中使用的液态水含量电测仪器发展而来的,它可以检测落到仪器表面的雨水和云中的水通量。仪器有两个固定电位的金属电极,电极之间是一种多孔、吸     

TEMPERATURE CHANGES OVER EURASIA DURING THE LATE SUMMER OF 1979

During the late summer of 1979, massive changes occurred in the distribution of temperature over Eur asia north of 15°N. At 300 hPa, zonal mean temperature averaged over Eurasia along 20°-25°N decreased sharply around 23 August. An abrupt decrease in 300 hPa zonal mean temperature also occurred over extensive mid-latitude zones (40°-55°N) around 18 August, i, e., about 5 days prior to the. monsoon withdrawal over South Asia.The intensity and location of N-S oriented, vertical overturning underwent significant changes over Eurasia during the transition from summer to fall. Near 20°-25°N, zonal mean updrafts weakened considerably during the transition period (18-27 August), Around 45°N, zonal mean downdrafts and the associated cooling (radiative) rate increased considerably during the transition period,Near 15FFN, 300 hPa zonal mean temperature fluctuated nearly periodically with an approximate 40-day period. These fluctuations appear to be associated with a small imbalance between 40-day filtered adiabatic cooling (heating) and diabatic heating (cooling).     

Benthic nutrient recycling in shallow coastal waters of the Bohai Sea

Sediment-water fluxes of N and P species in the Bohai Sea were investigated in September-October 1998 and April-May 1999. The benthic fluxes of nutrient species were determined by incubating sediment core samples with bottom seawater bubbled with air or nitrogen. NO^-2,NH4, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), and PO4^3- showed a net exchange flux from seawater to sediment, while NO^-3, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and SiO3^2- were released from sediment to seawater in the Bohai Sea. Sediment-water nutrient exchange increases DIN and reduces the phosphorus load in the Bohai Sea. The release of silicate from sediment to overlying seawater reduces potential silicate limitation of primary production resulted from decrease of riverine discharge.The exchange flux of nutrients showed no obvious seasonal variation. The present study showed that the concentrations and composition of nutrients in the water column were affected by suspended sediment, and that not all the exchangeable phosphate in sediment could be released via sediment resuspension.     

The Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Rift through six stages and 65 million years

The Oslo Rift is the northernmost part of the Rotliegendes basin system in Europe. The rift was formed by lithospheric stretching north of the Tornquist fault system and is related tectonically and in time to the last phase of the Variscan orogeny. The main graben forming period in the Oslo Region began in Late Carboniferous, culminating some 20-30 Ma later with extensive volcanism and rifting, and later with uplift and emplacement of major batholiths. It ended with a final termination of intrusions in the Early Triassic, some 65 Ma after the tectonic and magmatic onset.
We divide the geological development of the rift into six stages. Sediments, even with marine incursions occur exclusively during the forerunner to rifting. The magmatic products in the Oslo Rift vary in composition and are unevenly distributed through the six stages along the length of the structure.     

德意志联邦共和国的非城市化

非城市化的定义我们认为首先需要详细讨论非城市化的定义。贝里(Berry)提出一种相当确切的标准。他说:“1942年霍普·蒂斯代尔(Hope·Tisdale)曾经说过‘城市化人口集中的过程’。‘这种过程是人口较少集中向人口较大集中的运动’。……由此可见,从实质上说,非城市化过程是人口居住区缩小、人口密度减少和居住区的复杂性向单一性转化的过程。