喜马拉雅的结构和构造——关于地球物理观测的概略小结

喜马拉雅地区的主要结构和构造与岛弧的相似 ,但被轻的印度陆壳 (不是洋壳 )消亡引起的作用所改造。恒河盆地下的前第三纪基底的表面形态与海洋深海槽的表面形态相似 ,而中印高原是外部地形隆起的追忆记载。印度地盾上的重力异常与朝向海洋的岛弧的重力异常相似 ,并具有岩石圈在深海沟处向下弯曲和在外缘隆起处向上挠曲的模式。断裂面的分解式说明印度岩石圈确实弯曲 ,然后以低角度向喜马拉雅山俯冲。来自印度和岛弧的有关这方面的资料说明了同一个现象。大西洋和印度洋的海洋地球物理资料 ,可以对最后 70 Ma的印度和欧亚地质史加以恢复。一种急剧减缩作用 ,速率大致为 1 0 0 mm/ a。大概在 40 Ma前接近或稍晚于地质上所推定的碰撞时间。印度向巨大深处的消亡作用假定为漂浮的大陆壳所阻碍。印度地壳的浮力可能导致收敛速率的降低 ,但不是停止。虽然与新断裂的产生以及印度板片一个个地向上推置 ,形成山脉带有关 ,但地震记录表明 :沿低角底断裂面 (可在主边界断裂上或紧邻主边界断层 )的俯冲断裂作用 ,使敛合作用继续发生。重力异常与这种解释是一致的。假若喜马拉雅是由印度次大陆古老板片北缘的断裂作用和仰冲板片所建立起来的 ,那么与重力资料说明有 30 0— 40 0 km的缩短是一致的。在喜马拉雅山收缩     

Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous──Paleogene deposits of northwestern Zeya──Burya sedimentary basin

In the northwestern Zeya──Bureya sedimentary basin, the authors studied coal deposits, including Ivanovsko-Erkovetskyu brown coal square on which is worked off largest Erkovetsky field of brown coal, extending to south flank of the Mesozoic──Cenozoic Belogor'e depression. The verified stratigraphic scheme of the coalfield sedimentary sequence is substantiated by palynological data on core samples from 18 boreholes sampled in the course of detailed prospecting and by paleobotanical analysis of sections in the Yuzhnyi sector of the coalfield. Sections of the Erkovtsy, Arkhara Boguchan, and Raichikha brown-coal mines are correlated. Stratigraphic subdivisions distinguished in the studied sedimentary succession are the middle and upper Tsagayan subformations (the latter incorporating the Kivda Beds), Raichikha and Mukhino formations.     

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post-fault sequences (Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement(4.4 - 5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4 - 1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato-tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5 - 3 and 3 - 0 Ma ago.     

Diamond Discovered in High-Al Chromitites of the Sartohay Ophiolite, Xinjiang Province, China

In recent years diamonds and other exotic minerals have been recovered from mantle peridotites and high-Cr chromitites of a number of ophiolites of different age and different tectonic environments. Here we report a similar collection of minerals from the Sartohay ophiolite of Xinjiang Province,western China,which is characterized by having high-Al chromitites. Several samples of massive podiform chromitite with an aggregate weight of nearly 900 kg yielded diamonds,moissanite and other highly reduced minerals,as well as common crustal minerals. Thus far,more than 20 grains each of diamond and moissanite have been recovered from heavy mineral separates of the chromitites. The diamonds are all 100-200 μm in size and range in color from pale yellow to reddish-orange to colorless. Most of the grains are anhedral to subhedral octahedra,commonly with elongate forms exhibiting well-developed striations. They all display characteristic Raman spectra with shifts between 1325 cm-1 and 1333 cm-1,mostly 1331.51 cm-1 or 1326.96 cm-1. The moissanite grains are light blue to dark blue,broken crystals,50-150 μm across,commonly occurring as small flakes or fragments. Their typical Raman spectra have shifts at 762 cm-1,785 cm-1,and 966 cm-1. This investigation extends the occurrence of diamonds and moissanite to a Paleozoic ophiolite in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and demonstrates that these minerals can also occur in high-Al chromitites. We conclude that diamonds and moissanite are likely to be ubiquitous in ophiolitic mantle peridotites and chromitites.     

The Zunhua-Zanhuang Ophiolitic Mélange: Traces of an Archean Suture in the North China Craton

<正>Sutures mark places where oceans have closed and two once widely separated terranes have collided.Sutures are defined on the basis of geological relationships,and differences in the geologic,structural,magmatic,sedimentary,and metamorphic histories of the terranes on either side of the suture.Sutures are characterized by