地形中的特征空间尺度与非分形构造的频谱信号

地形有时被认为是不随尺度发生变化或是随机的面,然而定性的观测结果却表明它们含有特征空间尺度。我们通过分析从加利福尼亚州北部两个地形高分辨率地形图中提取的二维傅里叶功率谱,定量研究了存在于这两个地区的特征地形空间尺度。发现两处地形的谱能量在大致对应于斜坡长度的频率都迅速衰减,意味着地形在较小的尺度上都相对光滑。功率谱图还显示两处地形均具有准周期的脊-谷构造,从中我们也得到了脊-谷构造波长的精确测量结果。通过该频谱与随机生成的地形面的统计频谱特征的比较,我们发现这种均匀的谷间隔不可能产生在随机面上。除了特征空间尺度的识别外,我们还论述了多种谱分析在地貌学上的潜在应用,包括可用于测量诸如在特定尺度或特定方位上局部起伏等地形属性的滤波技术。     

花粉记录的青藏高原中部中全新世以来植被与环境

青藏高原中部的草甸/草原混合生态群落, 对气候变化非常敏感. 孢粉记录显示草原发育时期, 莎草减少, 区域气候是相对干旱的, 在时间上对应季风相对弱的时期. 依据唐古拉山垭口湖、阿洪错和错那3个淡水湖泊钻孔孢粉分析, 定量重建的温度和降水指标, 探讨该地区8200 cal a BP以来的植被与气候变化. 8200~6500 cal a BP, 尤其是8200~7200 cal a BP, 植被以草甸/草原混合生态群落为主, 显示强季风控制着青藏高原中部; 6000~4900, 4400~3900以及2800~2400 cal a BP时期区域植被以草原植被为主, 应是3次百年尺度的干旱事件; 4900~4400 cal a BP期间植被类型由草原向草甸转变; 6500~5400和 3000~1600 cal a BP出现两次大的变干事件; 数值摸拟估计, 高原中部接近于现今的环境, 最早可能出现在6500 cal a BP, 自3000 cal a BP以后高原中部季风性降水和湿度逐渐减少至现今水平, 可能在700~300 cal a BP出现一次小冰期变冷事件.     

台风触发慢地震

有关慢地震的报导刮最初见于发生在日本伊豆半岛一个板内地震活动断层上的一次事件。之后又陆续监测到许多慢地震事件旧引。有研究人员认为,慢地震事件有可能触发普通地震（此观点得到数字模拟支持）,但就其对地震发生的广泛意义而言目前尚无确切定论。     

含盐量对冻土强度的影响特征

Is shown that the durability of frozen salted soil is caused by concentration of porous solution formed during freezing of soil moisture     

Oil well produced water discharges to the North Sea. Part I: comparison of deployed mussels (Mytilus edulis), semi-permeable membrane devices, and the DREAM model predictions to estimate the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The oil companies operating in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea have conducted field studies since the mid-1990s to monitor produced water discharges to the ocean. These studies have been used to refine monitoring methods, and to develop and validate a dispersion and impact assessment model. This paper summarizes monitoring data from surveys conducted in two major oil and gas production areas, and compares the results to concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface waters predicted by the dose-related risk and effect assessment model (DREAM). Blue mussels and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed in the Ekofisk and Tampen Regions and analyzed for more than 50 PAH. PAH concentrations in ambient seawater were estimated based on the mussels and SPMD concentrations, and compared to model predictions. Surface water total PAH concentrations ranged from 25 to 350 ng/L within 1 km of the platform discharges and reached background levels of 4-8 ng/L within 5-10 km of the discharge; a 100,000-fold dilution of the PAH in the discharge water. The PAH concentrations in surface water, predicted by three methods, compared well for the Ekofisk Region. The model predicted higher concentrations than the field-based methods for parts of the Tampen Region; particularly the most tidally influenced areas. Tidally-mediated fluctuations in PAH concentrations in surface water must be considered because they affect the estimation of PAH concentrations from mussel and SPMD residue data, and the predictions by the DREAM model. Predictions using mussels, SPMDs, and modeling support and complement each other; all are valuable tools for estimating the fate and impact of chemical contaminants in produced water that are discharged to the ocean.     

Evaluating ecological quality in the north-eastern Black Sea coastal zone

Anthropogenic pressures have resulted in measurable impacts on the coastal ecosystems of the northern (Sevastopol Bay, Ukraine) and eastern (Batumi aquatoria, Georgia) Black Sea. Indices suggest that major impacts are relatively localized and are comparable to similar situations in the northern Atlantic. In contrast, biodiversity was appreciably lower than from comparable north Atlantic waters. The number of macrobenthic species was typically round 50, less than half the number that might be expected from similar exercises in US or European waters. Site-specific indices likewise indicated a somewhat lower diversity within communities, yielding metrics which would indicate a measure of stress in N. Atlantic situations. Microbial status was generally good, although regions close to urbanisation did not comply with standards laid down in the current EC Bathing Water Directive (76/EC/160). Likewise viruses were more commonly, although not exclusively, associated with urban locations, as were phages. Microbial investigation of the sediments confirmed the presence of heterotrophic and oil-oxidising bacteria. Abundance of the latter was closely correlated to the degree of oil contamination of the sediments, and to temperature, although for both, the results showed that the increase in bacterial abundance did level off beyond a certain point. Numbers of oil-oxidising bacteria in the water column displayed a classical response to temperature, with abundance doubling over a 10-degree C rise in temperature. Overall the results suggest that while indices in current use are useful in evaluating coastal quality in the Black Sea, some adjustments would be necessary especially in the establishment of baseline or reference values.     

Phytoremediation of shallow organically enriched marine sediments using benthic microalgae

We examined whether replantation of benthic microalgae (BMA) can remediate shallow organically enriched sediment. Nitzschia sp., the dominant species in the tested area (Hiroshima Bay, Japan), was isolated and mass cultured, then replanted in the same area. Changes in the condition of the sediment were monitored for five months. During the study period, we observed an increase in redox potential (ORP) and a decrease in acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in the experimental area, indicating that the sediment condition changed from reduced to oxic. Organic matter in the sediment, represented by chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL) and organic nitrogen (ON) decreased significantly, while inorganic nutrients (ammonia and phosphate) increased in the interstitial water. These changes imply that oxygen produced by the replanted BMA may have enhanced aerobic bacterial activity, accelerating the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, replantation of BMA shows potential as a novel and promising "phytoremediation" method for organically enriched sediment.     

Bayesian spatial modeling of Lavaca Bay pollutants

Locational risk of increased mercury and PAH concentrations in Lavaca Bay, Texas sediments and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) harvested from Lavaca Bay, Texas were analysed. Chemical analysis results were evaluated utilizing Bayesian geo-statistical methods for comparison of the model fit of a random effects model versus a convoluted model which included both random and spatial effects. For those results fit best with the convoluted model, continuous surface maps of predicted parameter values were created. Sediment and oyster concentrations of mercury and the majority of measured PAHs were fit best with the convoluted model. The locational risks of encountering elevated concentrations of these pollutants in Lavaca Bay sediments and oysters were highest in close proximity to industrial facilities.     

瑞典基律纳瓦拉矿洞干扰带的地震测量方法

坑洞边界周围坑洞干扰带(EDZ)的存在可能会严重地影响坑洞的施工作业和人员及设备的日常安全。因此,在不同岩石处的挖掘工程中,它已成为一项重要的研究课题。坑洞干扰带通常定义为坑洞边界外围的岩石带,由于坑洞作用和压力的重新分配,该处岩石的物理、力学和液压性质受到巨大影响。为了优化岩石支撑设计,对瑞典LKAB基律纳瓦拉的地下铁矿来说,了解坑洞干扰带是必要的。针对这一主要目的,我们运用地震测量技术在矿山进行了坑洞干扰带的调查研究。研究主要采用的是井间地震和面波频谱分析(SASW)技术,再辅以井下图像处理系统(BIPS)作为地震测量技术的补充。结果表明:在采矿平巷边界的后面存在厚度为0.5～1.0m的坑洞干扰带。该带的杨氏模量大小是未受干扰岩石的50%～90%。     

A report card and quality indicators for the Seine estuary: from scientific approach to operational tool

The scientific teams from the interdisciplinary Seine-Aval (SA) research program and the SA's operational pole, GIPSA (Groupement d'Intérêt Public Seine-Aval) have worked together to create a report card designed to help the Estuary Council (Conseil de l'Estuaire) revitalize its original functions: maintaining functional links between the various estuarine ecosystems, comprehending and managing the estuary's natural habitats and biological populations, and monitoring and improving the physical-chemical quality of the estuarine waters. The report card will be able to synthesize the information obtained from several system performance variables and available operational indicators. This approach, intended to guide the estuary managers, is the oeuvre of several scientific teams; it is particularly important in the context of the Water Framework Directive because it facilitates the elaboration of a group of relevant indicators, which can then be used as operational tools. A report card will provide decision-makers (e.g., political authorities; national, regional and local institutions and industries) with the key indicators for evaluating the system and predicting changes in terms of selected objectives, such as the preservation and restoration of the estuary's environmental functionalities. The final objective of the research is to choose among the available indicators to approximate potential ecological risks. Integrating the socio-economical data will perhaps lead to setting risk acceptability thresholds for the different uses of the Seine estuary. In the end, collaboration between the scientists, the managers, and the GIPSA operational pole will be essential to produce a viable report card about the environmental status of the Seine estuary. To illustrate the research now under way, this article presents the results for three actions undertaken, concerning: (i) physical indicators (i.e., an inventory of the estuary first as a whole, and then section by section); (ii) benthic indicators (i.e., seven indices which show a moderate EcoQ for the lower part of the estuary); and (iii) a eutrophication indicator (i.e., an indicator for coastal eutrophication potential (ICEP), which helps to limit the nutrient fluxes (N or P) that exceed the silica flux delivered by the Seine network, based on the Redfield ratios for algal propagation).