1995年兵库县南部地震时观测的同震地磁变化

在离１９９５年兵库县南部地震（Ｍ＝７．２）震源区近１００ｋｍ的两个台上观测到脉冲式的同震地磁变化。在该工震对其最大幅度为０．６￣１．０ｎＴ，而持续时间为２０￣３０ｓ。在发震时刻及其之后１７ｓ地震波到达观测点之前，这些变化看来就已经开始了。对余震的叠加时间分析亦揭示了类似的地磁变化，尽管其幅度比主震时小一个量级。作为这种同震地磁变化的可能原因，讨论了地壳电动机制。     

日冕微波辐射甚长周期脉动的观测证据

利用国家天文台微波(1.0-2.0 GHz和2.6-3.8GHz)射电频谱仪于1998年9月23日观测到了一个稀少事件,它是一个伴生多重周期脉动、Ⅲ型爆发和类I型噪暴的复杂射电Ⅳ型爆发,着重介绍该爆发所具有的多重长周期(约7.3、4.9、3.7、1.2和0.4分钟)脉动成分。这个长周期脉动可能是归因于在封闭环中的驻波模式,由于光球层速度场驱动的MHD的Alfven驻波横穿磁场,导致了对射电辐射的调制。此外,由于这些脉动存在向下的运动,也不排除在一个封闭环或开放场结构中传播的扰动引起振荡的可能性。因为Alfven波的共振与光球层5分钟振荡模式相联系,所以甚长周期的脉动可能来自光球层驱动源的假设,可以说明日冕磁环和光球层之间存在一个互相耦合的可能性。     

Near Real－Time Calculation of Ionospheric Electric Fields and Currents Using GEDAS

This paper presents the recent progress in our project of estimating near real-time electric fields and currents in the ionosphere through our computer system called the Geospace Environment Data Analysis System (GEDAS). We show a new technique in which data from ground magnetometers are collected by the system and used as input for the KRM and AMIE programs to calculate the distribution of ionospheric electric fields and currents, as well as of other ionospheric parameters, such as electric potential patterns. One of the goals of this project is to specify ionospheric processes. Examples of the near real-time calculation and the data flow of our scheme are presented.     

Refractive Focusing of Interstellar Clouds and Intraday Polarization Angle Swings

Intraday variations of compact extragalactic radio sources in flux density and po- larization are generally interpreted in terms of refractive scintillation from the continuous interstellar medium of our Galaxy. However, continuous polarization angle swings of～180° (for example, the one observed in the QSO 0917 624) could not be interpreted in this way. Qian et al. have shown that the polarization angle swing observed in the QSO 1150 812 can be explained in terms of focusing-defocusing effect by an interstellar cloud, which occults two closely-placed polarized components. Here we further show that the polarization angle swing event observed in the QSO 0917 624 can also be explained in this way. We also found evidence for the cloud eclipsing a non-polarized (core) component during a short period out- side the swing. A particular (and specific) plasma-lens model is proposed to model-fit the polarization swing event of 0917 624. Some physical parameters related to the plasma-lens and the source components are estimated. The brightness temperatures of the two lensed components are estimated to be ～1.6×1013 K. Thus bulk relativistic motion with a Lorentz factor less than ～20 may be sufficient to avoid the inverse - Compton catastrophe.     

南普拉特河非开挖隧道风险管理案例分析

大草原水利项目（PWP）将增加奥罗拉市百分之二十的城市供水,每年提供高达一万英亩一英尺（约33亿加仑）的水。PWP项目的一个关键因素是输送系统,该系统由直径为60英寸、约33英里长的地下原水传输管道,15个非开挖隧道（包括南普拉特河）和三个抽水站组成,该抽水站将亚当斯县的南普拉特河水垂直提升900英尺输送到奥罗拉市的新彼得宾尼净水设施。非开挖方法被用来构建水路、湿地、高速公路、干道和铁路下面的管线。南方普拉特河非开挖隧道是该项目最重要和具有挑战性的工程之一。南普拉特河隧道的地层条件的特点是由从细粒到粗粒砂组成的冲积层,与河漫滩沉积物凝聚的砾石,局部地方含有卵石和石块,基岩上覆盖着粘土岩。冲积层有25—30英尺厚,一般具有高渗透性和高储水能力,而粘土岩渗透性低。该隧道长约260英尺,在粘土岩中隧道的最大深度为48英尺,并配有一个直径78英寸的钢护筒、一条直径60英寸的钢管道以及支持系统监控和数据采集（SCADA）的通信光纤电缆或管道。本文介绍了与南普拉特河隧道相关的风险管理。此外,本文还探讨了,在不影响美国联邦监管的水域及美国工程兵管辖范围内的湿地的情况下,与工程建设有关的独特设计和施工挑战。     

Interannual variation of rare earth element abundances in corals from northern coast of the South China Sea and its relation with sea-level change and human activities

Here we present interannual rare earth element (REE) records spanning the last two decades of the 20th century in two living Porites corals, collected from Longwan Bay, close to the estuarine zones off Wanquan River of Hainan Island and Hong Kong off the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province in the northern South China Sea. The results show that both coral REE contents (0.5-40 ng g?1 in Longwan Bay and 2-250 ng g?1 in Hong Kong for La-Lu) are characterized with a declining trend, which are significantly negative correlated with regional sea-level rise (9.4 mm a?1) from 1981 to 1996 in Longwan Bay, 13.7 mm a?1 from 1991 to 2001 in Hong Kong). The REE features are proposed to be resulted from seawater intrusion into the estuaries in response to contemporary sea-level rise. However, the tendency for the coral Er/Nd time series at Hong Kong site is absent and there is no significant relation between Er/Nd and total REEs as found for the coral at Longwan Bay site. The observations are likely attributed to changes of the water discharge and sediment load of Pearl River, which have been significantly affected by intense human activities, such as the construction of dams/reservoirs and riverbed sediment mining, in past decades. The riverine sediment load/discharge ratio of the Pearl River decreased sharply with a rate of 0.02 kg m?3 a?1, which could make significant contribution to the declining trend of coral REE. We propose that coastal corals in Longwan Bay and similar unexplored sites with little influences of river discharge and anthropogenic disruption are ideal candidates to investigate the influence of sea-level change on seawater/coral REE.     

Effect of environmental factors on photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water-soluble fraction of Kuwait crude oil in seawater

Photodegradation of PAHs in the water-soluble fraction of Kuwait crude oil in seawater was investigated under various environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, oxygen levels and presence of a sensitizer) in laboratory conditions. All factors investigated had significant effect on the degradation rates of PAHs. At 15 °C almost all PAHs optimally degraded at an oxygen level of 4 ppm. For lower molecular weight PAHs a light intensity of 500 W/m² in the presence of the sensitizer worked well. Higher molecular weight PAHs degraded at faster rates at a light intensity 750 W/m². At 30 °C, most of the PAHs degraded optimally at an oxygen level of 0 ppm and light intensity of 500 or 750 W/m² in presence of the sensitizer. At 40 °C, most of PAHs degraded optimally at low oxygen concentrations (0 and 4 ppm) and a light intensity of 500 W/m² in the presence of the sensitizer. Linear regression indicated that for most of the compounds, light intensity had the greatest effect on degradation rates.     

Arctic versus temperate comparison of risk assessment metrics for 2-methyl-naphthalene

Reliable risk assessment approaches for Arctic environments are requested to manage potential impacts associated with increased activities in Arctic regions. We performed toxicity tests on Arctic and temperate species exposed to the narcotic acting oil component, 2-methyl naphthalene. The experimental results were used to quantify concentration causing lethality to 50% of exposed individuals and no-effect concentration (individual level). For estimates at community level, the hazardous concentrations affecting 5% and 50% of the species were calculated from sensitivity distribution curves. These survival metrics were then used to elucidate whether temperate toxicity data used in risk assessment are sufficiently representative for the Arctic. Taking data uncertainty into consideration, we found no regional difference in tolerances to 2-methyl naphthalene either at the species level or at the community level. Hence these data support a conclusion that values of survival metrics for temperate regions are transferrable to the Arctic for the chemical 2-methyl naphthalene, as long as extrapolation techniques are properly applied and uncertainties are taken into consideration.     

log（均方根Lg）—mb的定标律斜率

已经证实,在一条条路径上传播的Lg震相,以全球的m_b震级和核爆当量作为其相对标度,有着不寻常的稳定性和精度。然而,有着一定震级的Lg的定标斜率,在不同的传播路径上时常存在相当大的差别,这些不好解释的效应常纠缠到核监测过程。本文通过资料分析和数字模拟,揭示影响Lg定标的因素。分析了前苏联巴拉潘的核试验场的爆破在欧亚宽频带地震台的数字地震资料。该资料得出,震源谱的当量定标与每一传播路径上的频率选择特性的结合,可反映观测到的定标斜率的变化。由于衰减而引起的高频能的损失导致沿某些路径的定标斜率偏高。场地效应和仪器响应中的变化也能够对Lg定标斜率的分散产生影响。用于计算理论定标率的数字模拟,支持了这些论断。