英国诺福克北部布尔河上游白垩和冰碛物含水层稳定同位素研究

<正> 前 言 最近两年中,我们研究了英国诺福克北部布尔河上游白垩系的白垩和上覆第四系冰碛物含水层中地下水的地球化学演变。为了进一步弄清水文地质条件和水文地球化学演变之间的关系,我们研究了该区地下水中的稳定同位素水文地球化学特征。 研究区位于东经1°—1°14′和北纬52°47′—54′(图1)面积为80平方公里。上白垩系的白垩层厚达450米,上复着第四系漂砾粘土和砂砾石冰碛物,其厚度达40—45米。      

富营养湖泊中的微囊藻优势：原因—后果—对策

Cyanobacterial dominance in lakes has received much attention in the past because of the great success and frequent bloom formation in lakes of higher trophic levels. In this paper underlying mechanism of cyanobacterial dominance are analyzed and discussed using both original and literature data from various shallow mixed and deep stratifying lakes from temperate and (subtropical regions. Examples include all four ecotypes of cyanobacteria sensu MUR et al. (1993), because their behavior in the water column is entirely different.Colony forming species (Microcystis) are exemplified from the large shallow Lake Taihu, China. Data from a shallow urban lake, Alte Donau in Austria are used to characterize well mixed species (Cylindrospermopsis) while stratifying species (Planktothrix) are analyzed from the deep alpine lake Mondsee. Nitrogen fixing species (Aphanizomenon) are typified from a shallow river-run lake in Germany.Factors causing the dominance of one or the other group are discussed as well as consequences for restoration measures. Existing knowledge on cyanobacterial dominance is summarized.     

东沙群岛海区晚新生代构造特征及其对弧-陆碰撞的响应

东沙群岛及其邻近海区(简称东沙海区)位于南海北部大陆边缘,东邻马尼拉俯冲构造带。为了讨论晚新生代以来东沙海区的构造变形特征,从中找出吕宋弧对中国东南大陆边缘碰撞的构造相关,特别是8Ma以来的吕宋岛弧和中国大陆边缘之间构造消减过程的响应。根据地震地层学分析,结合区域重磁资料、ODP184钻孔资料对东沙群岛海区晚新生代构造特征进行了分析。东沙海区自南海扩张后发育了3个沉积层序(层序Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ),经历了较强烈的构造抬升作用、岩浆活动、沉积物剥蚀。该区发育NEE-SWW和NW-SE向两组断裂,且以NEE-SWW向断裂最为发育。断裂大多具有多次活动,且为上新世到第四纪的活动断裂构造,断块抬升幅度大,沿断裂带发生岩浆侵入。分析结果表明,晚新生代期间经历了二次重要的构造运动,即东沙运动(9．8-4．4Ma)和流花运动(1．89-1．4Ma),奠定了该区的构造格局。综合该区东强西弱构造变形、构造抬升发生的时间和应力场变化等特征看,该区受8Ma以来中国东部大陆边缘与吕宋岛弧碰撞所产生的构造运动的影响,在8Ma以前,由于台湾岛不存在,活动的古东海大陆边缘延伸至东沙群岛海区东北部。     

Land use and the spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds as measured in the plasma of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

The distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the environment is well documented with higher concentrations observed in wildlife located in industrial and urban areas. This study examined the distribution of PFCs in relation to land use using blood samples collected from bottlenose dolphins during capture-release health assessment surveys conducted in Charleston, SC. The study area was partitioned into three subareas (ACW, CHS, and SRE) based upon habitat and land use characteristics. The ACW and CHS subareas are characterized by high degrees of industrial and urban land uses, while the SRE subarea is more residential and characterized by a lower degree of developed land use. Long-term monitoring data from photo-identification surveys were used to group bottlenose dolphins based on their proportions of sightings in the different subareas. Dolphins affiliated with both the ACW and CHS subareas were observed to have significantly higher mean plasma concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) than those affiliated with the SRE subarea. Dolphins affiliated with the ACW subarea were found to have a significantly higher mean plasma concentration of PFUnA than those affiliated with the CHS subarea. Further examination of the distribution of the PFCs revealed positive correlations with developed land uses and negative correlations with wetland/marsh land cover. A positive correlation was also observed between PFUnA and agricultural land use. The variability and scale of the observed contaminant burdens have important implications for the conservation and management of living marine resources and illustrates the importance of long-term monitoring of free-ranging wildlife species.     

Detoxification mechanisms in shrimp: comparative approach between hydrothermal vent fields and estuarine environments

Hydrothermal vents are extreme deep-sea habitats that, due to their singular features, still intrigue scientific communities. Swift growth rates and profuse biomass of biological communities can be observed, despite of their inherently unstable physical-chemical and toxic conditions, indicating that organisms inhabiting this environment must be well adapted to these inhospitable conditions. The caridean shrimp, Chorocaris chacei, Mirocaris fortunata and Rimicaris exoculata, together with bathymodiolid mussels, dominate the vent fauna along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Crustacean species are widely used as biological indicators of environmental alterations, since they play a key ecological role as planktivorous grazers, epibenthic scavengers or as prey species. The biological consequences of the hydrothermal metal-rich environment in shrimp species are still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was the determination of the metal levels (Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), metallothioneins (MT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in shrimp species collected in Rainbow, Lucky Strike and Menez-Gwen vent sites, in order to evaluate their different adaptation strategies toward metals when compared with two common coastal shrimp species (Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians) from a fairly unpolluted estuarine system in south Portugal (Ria Formosa). Results show significant differences in metal concentrations, MT levels and lipid peroxidation between vent and coastal shrimp and also between shrimp species from the same site. This indicates that biochemical responses in both vent and coastal shrimp are affected not only by the environmental characteristics but also by inter-specific differences. Nevertheless, these responses apparently grant a successful adaptation for the survival in a metal-extreme environment.     

Sonophotocatalysis of endocrine-disrupting chemicals

Sonolysis and photolysis often exhibit synergistic effects in the degradation of organic molecules. An assay of fish oocyte maturation provides an appropriate experimental system to investigate the hormonal activities of chemical agents. Oocyte maturation in fish is triggered by maturation-inducing hormone (MIH), which acts on receptors on the oocyte surface. A synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), possesses inducing activity of fish oocyte maturation, and a widely used biocide, pentachlorophenol (PCP), exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on fish oocyte maturation. In this study, the effects of the combined treatment by sonolysis with photolysis (sonophotocatalysis) to diminish the hormonal activity of DES and the maturation preventing activity of PCP was examined. By sonophotocatalysis, hormonal activity of DES was completely lost within 30min and the inhibiting activity of PCP was lost within 120min. These results demonstrated that sonophotocatalysis is effective for diminishing the endocrine-disrupting activity of chemical agents.     

对《中国国家自然地图集》的评价

1999年出版了中国国家自然地图集,它是反映中国自然、社会、历史、经济和文化系列国家地图集的一部分。该图集用中(2500册)英(1000册)文出版。中国国家自然地图集的工作在1956年由周恩来总理直接领导编制的“科学发展十二年规划”中就开始了。于1958年开始图集的设计工作。按设计要求,图集由四卷组成:即普通地图集、自然地图集、历史地图集、经济地图集。1965年出版了中华人民共和国自然地图集。普通地图集没有全部完成,于1969年出版了“中华人民共和国分省地图”。     

Preface to the Special Issue on Summer 2020: Record Rainfall in Asia — Mechanisms,Predictability and Impacts

Throughout vast areas of Asia, the summer of 2020 was extraordinarily wet. After an exceptionally wet May in North-east India and Bangladesh, excessive rainfall hit at least 10 provinces in central and southern China in June and July, caus-ing extensive flooding in many rural and urban locations. Long standing rainfall, lake and river level records were con-sequently broken in several parts of the region with the Yangtze-Huaihe river valleys, particularly badly impacted, with con-sequential economic losses. Floods and landslides also affected parts of Japan with at least one location in Kumamoto province even experiencing a record-breaking 1000 mm of rainfall in just 3 days in early July. The 2020 wet season in South Korea was also exceptionally long, lasting 54 days, compared to their more usual 32.     

A numerical method for solving the evolution equation of solitary Rossby waves on a weak shear

In this paper an evolution equation in integral-differential form for finite amplitude Rossby waves on a weak shear is presented and an efficient method for its numerical solution is set up. It is shown that a propa-gation of solitary wave is possible whenever a proper weak shear in basic flows acts with the nonlinear effects and dispersion of the media, both in the atmosphere and in the ocean. To test the numerical method for solving the evolution equation, a series of experiments are carried out. The results indicate that the solitary solutions do exist and interact with each other in quite a succinct, manner. Therefore the method is successful and efficient for solving initial value problems of the above equation. The time decoupling problem arising in the numerical scheme and the related filtering technique are discussed. A variety of interesting phenomena such as the interaction of solitary Rossby waves, damping, dispersion and the development of nonlinear wave train are numerically studied.     

The heating field in an asymmetric hurricane — Part I: Scale analysis

A closed system of equations describing an asymmetric disturbance in cylindrical geometry is expanded about a small parameter. The small parameter describes the ratio of the magnitude of divergence in the boundary layer to that above that layer. A low order system describes a gradient wind balance in the radial direction and is quasi-symmetric with respect to the pressure and temperature fields. This system can be solved as an inverse problem for a mature steady state hurricane. The procedure entails asking the questions what structure and heating distributions are required to maintain a given asymmetric distribution of the tangential velocity (i. e. the angular momentum) in steady state. The method of characteristics enables us to solve for the vertical motion. That in turn determines the radial motion from the mass continuity equation. Application of the hydrostatics to the cylindrical thermal wind equation determines the pressure and the thermal fields and finally the required heating fields are deduced from the first law. This entire system of inverse dynamics is linear although no nonlinear terms are dropped from the original direct set of equations. The real data applications of this procedure will be described in part II (to be published in the next issue).