2011年Mw9．0东北近海地震高滑动片区周围的前兆地震活动

根据1923年以来的日本气象厅地震目录,参考以被低滑动区隔开形成两个高滑动（≥20m）片区为特征的滑动分布,研究了2011年Mw9．0东北近海地震之前的地震活动。北高滑动片区的滑动峰值位于海沟附近,而南高滑动片区的滑动峰值位于主震震中东南约40kin处,距海沟约70km。据估计,主震时首先使南高滑动片区发生破裂,然后扩展到更大的邻近地区,包括北高滑动片区。主震之前两天开始的前震活动的震中分布在北高滑动片区的西缘,此处过去90年曾发生过其他比较强烈的活动,例如1981年地震。根据这两个高滑动片区周围的地震活动时空分布图我们推断,2011年东北近海地震是由前震活动触发的,因为前震活动中持续增加的应力可以抵消南高滑动片区的强度,此处之前已经由于2003年以来的一系列周边大地震而变得足够脆弱了。其他主要活动,比如1981年地震,并没有触发如此巨大的地震,主要是之前类似的应力条件还没有具备。南高滑动片区峰值周围形成的环状地震活动图像表明存在极强的片区,这些片区在过去很长的时间并没有由于周围发生大地震而破裂。     

2011年日本东北Mw9．0地震：GPS与强震数据的比较

近场地震动数据可半实时地或由现代强震台网获得,或由连续全球定位系统（GPS）台网获得,能得到震源参数的稳健可靠解,这助于快速灾害评估及早期预警。这些广泛的应用需要地震动数据覆盖非常宽的频带,然而这通常情况下很难达到。本文是2011年日本东北Mw9．0地震的实例研究,说明来自大地测量和地震仪器的地震动信息如何互补,并建议联合使用这两种数据,尤其是台网覆盖稀疏时。本文首先使用自动经验基线校正工具对日本两个台网K—NET和KiK—Net的强震记录进行分析。通过二重积分得到静态同震位移,然后用于导出地震断层上的永久滑动分布。通过与相应基于GPS解的对比,对经验基线校正的不确定性得出了定量估计。另外,选择12对位置邻近的GPS和强震台站进行比较,来说明它们在时间序列中的信息相互一致。最后,讨论联合使用两种地震动观测系统的方法,并重点说明该方法的广泛可行性。     

Equivalent series system to model a multiple friction pendulum system with numerous sliding interfaces for seismic analyses

Current structural analysis software programs offer few if any applicable device-specifi c hysteresis rules or nonlinear elements to simulate the precise mechanical behavior of a multiple friction pendulum system(MFPS) with numerous sliding interfaces.Based on the concept of subsystems,an equivalent series system that adopts existing nonlinear elements with parameters systematically calculated and mathematically proven through rigorous derivations is proposed.The aim is to simulate the characteristics of sliding motions for an MFPS isolation system with numerous concave sliding interfaces without prior knowledge of detailed information on the mobilized forces at various sliding stages.An MFPS with numerous concave sliding interfaces and one articulated or rigid slider located between these interfaces is divided into two subsystems: the fi rst represents the concave sliding interfaces above the slider,and the second represents those below the slider.The equivalent series system for the entire system is then obtained by connecting those for each subsystem in series.The equivalent series system is validated by comparing numerical results for an MFPS with four sliding interfaces obtained from the proposed method with those from a previous study by Fenz and Constantinou.Furthermore,these numerical results demonstrate that an MFPS isolator with numerous concave sliding interfaces,which may have any number of sliding interfaces,is a good isolation device to protect structures from earthquake damage through appropriate designs with controllable mechanisms.     

平推式滑坡启动判据的修正

对平推式滑坡启动判据的传统研究往往忽略滑块后缘的静水压力沿滑面法向的分力及承压水作用的具体范围,因而导致计算结果不准确。通过对平推式滑坡进行全面的受力分析,同时引入了承压水作用范围的概念,最终推导出修正后的平推式滑坡启动判据公式。将所得的修正判据应用于模型试验的结果分析,发现修正方法计算结果比传统方法大6.0%～15.5%,更加接近于试验观测值,验证了修正判据的准确性。同时对平推式滑坡启动临界水头的模型试验结果和修正计算值之间的差异进行了机理分析：当边坡模型滑动面倾角小于等于8°时,渗流的时滞性和渗透层的不均匀性导致启动临界水头实测值大于修正计算结果;当倾角大于8°时,模型稳定性随试验时间增加而逐步降低,导致启动临界水头实测值小于修正计算结果。     

长江三峡库区地质灾害遥感图像信息处理及其监测和评估

长江三峡作为世界上最大的水利工程,引起了世界的广泛关注。水库堤岸的长度、水库容载力、三峡移民数量以及其对生态环境的影响都成为议论的焦点。最引人注目的是长江两岸存在大量的地质灾害,如：滑坡、崩塌等,其中有些大型灾害体目前仍处于活动状态,这将给三峡工程的安全与库岸稳定性以及库区生态环境带来深远的影响。因此,采用3S和多时相TM、SPOT、ERS—SAR和RADARSAT等图像集成新技术来快速有效地监测、研究和评估地质灾害对三峡工程以及周边环境的影响,为地质灾害的预防和治理提供科学依据,本成果具有重要的学术意义和实用价值。     

Application of Advanced Analytics and Visualization in Mineral Systems

正The key to answering many compelling and complex questions in Earth,planetary,and life science lies in breaking down the barriers between scientific fields and harnessing the integrated,multi-disciplinary power of Earth,planetary,and bioscience data resources.We have a unique opportunity to integrate large and rapidly expanding"big data"resources,to enlist powerful analytical and visualization methods,and to answer multi-disciplinary questions that cannot be addressed by one field alone.     

围压作用下岩石样品中微裂纹的闭合

岩石中普遍存在的微裂纹对其物理性质有十分显著的影响.为了得到不同围压条件下岩样内部微裂纹形态的变化,选取几种具有明显层理的岩石圈岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的三个方向对纵横波速度和线应变等进行了测量,根据O’Connell模型通过计算得出有效泊松比、裂纹密度、裂纹孔隙度和裂纹的c/a比值（a为硬币形裂纹半长轴的长度,c为其半宽度）.结果表明,随着围压的增加,在垂直于层理面的方向上裂纹闭合最快但c/a比值不减反增.结合显微组构分析可知,岩石中的裂纹表面实际上是凸凹不平的,在围压增加引起裂纹闭合过程中一条裂纹可以变成几个,长度成倍减小但宽度变化不大,所以在垂直于层理面的方向上c/a比值随围压增加而增大.但另两个方向上的变化明显不同,应该与模型本身的适用范围有关.通过同时测量纵、横波速度,计算c/a比值,可以对样品中微裂纹的几何形态及空间分布方式有定性或半定量的了解.     

Ophiolites as Archives of Recycled Crustal Material Residing in the Deep Mantle

Deeply subducted lithospheric slabs may reach to the mantle transition zone(MTZ,410-660 km depth)or even to the core–mantle boundary(CMB)at depths of~2900km.Our knowledge of the fate of subducted surface material at the MTZ or near the CMB is poor and based mainly on the tomography data and laboratory experiments through indirect methods.Limited data come from the samples of deep mantle diamonds and their mineral inclusions obtained from kimberlites and associated rock assemblages in old cratons.We report in this presentation new data and observations from diamonds and other UHP minerals recovered from ophiolites that we consider as a new window into the life cycle of deeply subducted oceanic and continental crust.Ophiolites are fragments of ancient oceanic lithosphere tectonically accreted into continental margins,and many contain significant podiform chromitites.Our research team has investigated over the last 10 years ultrahigh-pressure and super-reducing mineral groups discovered in peridotites and/or chromitites of ophiolites around the world,including the Luobusa(Tibet),Ray-Iz(Polar Urals-Russia),and 12 other ophiolites from 8orogenic belts in 5 different countries(Albania,China,Myanmar,Russia,and Turkey).High-pressure minerals include diamond,coesite,pseudomorphic stishovite,qingsongite(BN)and Ca-Si perovskite,and the most important native and highly reduced minerals recovered to date include moissanite(Si C),Ni-Mn-Co alloys,Fe-Si and Fe-C phases.These mineral groups collectively confirm extremely high?pressures(300 km to≥660 km)and super-reducing conditions in their environment of formation in the mantle.All of the analyzed diamonds have unusually light carbon isotope compositions(δ13C=-28.7 to-18.3‰)and variable trace element contents that*d i stinguish them from most kimberlitic and UHPmetamorphic varieties.The presence of exsolution lamellae of diopside and coesite in some chromite grains suggests chromite crystallization depths around380 km,near the mantle transition zone.The carbon isotopes and other features of the high-pressure and super-reduced mineral groups point to previously subducted surface material as their source of origin.Recycling of subducted crust in the deep mantle may proceed in three stages:Stage 1–Carbon-bearing fluids and melts may have been formed in the MTZ,in the lower mantle or even near the CMB.Stage 2–Fluids or melts may rise along with deep plumes through the lower mantle and reach the MTZ.Some minerals,such as diamond,stishovite,qingsongite and Ca-silicate perovskite can precipitate from these fluids or melts in the lower mantle during their ascent.Material transported to the MTZ would be mixed with highly reduced and UHP phases,presumably derived from zones with extremely low f O2,as required for the formation of moissanite and other native elements.Stage 3–Continued ascent above the transition of peridotites containing chromite and ultrahigh-pressure minerals transports them to shallow mantle depths,where they participate in decompressional partial melting and oceanic lithosphere formation.The widespread occurrence of ophiolite-hosted diamonds and associated UHP mineral groups suggests that they may be a common feature of in-situ oceanic mantle.Because mid-ocean ridge spreading environments are plate boundaries widely distributed around the globe,and because the magmatic accretion of oceanic plates occurs mainly along these ridges,the on-land remnants of ancient oceanic lithosphere produced at former mid-ocean ridges provide an important window into the Earth’s recycling system and a great opportunity to probe the nature of deeply recycled crustal material residing in the deep mantle     

地震旋转效应教材:历史实例

地震旋转效应被观测到已有几个世纪。最初的旋转地震模型有两种,均由Mallet在19世纪中叶基于物体相对于其底部结构的旋转所定义。地震旋转效应能够完满地解释所观测到的地表旋转现象。本教材(大部分基于西方文献)中,我们将从历史角度简要介绍地震旋转效应。     

喜马拉雅西北部逆冲带的地壳电性结构

印度板块北部地形起伏较大的喜马拉雅山地区由几个构造互异的地质单元组成,依地形高、低把喜马拉雅碰撞带分成低喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅.为了研究与主要逆冲带（含主缝合带MCT和主边界带MBT）有关的地壳电性结构,沿Rohtangpass (海拔4000 m) 到Mandi (海拔400 m)剖面进行了MT探测.通过对16个测点观测资料的分析和考虑地形的二维反演,获得了沿剖面的二维电性结构.电性结构显示,在Chail和主逆冲边界带下方,东西走向的缝合带突然转向北.在下喜马拉雅的Rampur 区段的元古代基底为范围较大的高阻体,而浅部地壳被逆冲带分成向北倾的电导性块体和电阻性块体.Chail 逆冲带东侧低喜马拉雅Rampur 区段的推挤和它西侧的基底脊柱体导致主边界带及相关的逆冲带（Kangra 拐角）向北转弯,Kangra拐角处的应力可能是由于西侧基底脊柱体进入到Kangra 区引起的.