Effects of ulvoid (Ulva spp.) accumulation on the structure and function of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) bed

The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of ulvoid (Ulva spp.) accumulation on the structure and function of an eelgrass bed by the coast of Iwakuni, Seto Inland Sea, Japan. We monitored eelgrass shoot density and volume of ulvoid accumulation in the study site and evaluated effects of the accumulated ulvoid canopy on the percent survival, seedling density, growth rates, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and carbon contents of eelgrass. Eelgrass shoot density decreased by the accumulation of ulvoid. Also, seedling density decreased by the increase in the ulvoid volumes. Shoot density, seedling density and leaf elongation were negatively correlated with ulvoid volume. Carbon contents in eelgrass decreased by the accumulation of ulvoid (canopy height: 25cm). These results suggest that accumulation of ulvoid bloom has significant negative impacts on the structure and function of eelgrass bed, i.e. decreases in vegetative shoot density, seedling density, shoot height and growth rate.     

Copper speciation survey from UK marinas, harbours and estuaries

The use of copper in antifouling paints has increased in the UK in the last 20 years as TBT and several other organic biocides have been phased out. To assess the probable impact of copper on estuarine systems a survey was undertaken to measure the different fractions of copper present in the water column at current usage. The different fractions measured were; labile copper, (LCu) considered as both the free copper ions and inorganically bound copper, the total dissolved copper (TDCu) present, and the difference between them taken as the organically bound likely non-toxic copper fraction. The survey considered sites with different levels of boat use, namely marinas, harbours and estuaries, differing physical parameters of suspended and dissolved organic matter, different seasons of the year and different depths in the water column all of which control speciation behaviour. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) values were measured at all sites and increased from West to East coast locations (5.7-34.4 mg/l). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) values ranged from 0.58 to 2.2mg/l C. The total dissolved copper concentrations ranged from 0.30 to 6.68 microg/l, with labile fraction ranging from 0.02 to 2.69 microg/l, and most labile copper concentrations below 1 microg/l. None of the yearly mean copper measurements exceeded the 76/464/EEC EQS of 5 microg/l. Of the 306 measurements, only one dissolved copper value in one season was above 5 microg/l. This ratio of labile to total copper was between 10 and 30%. The results from this survey suggest that if toxicity of copper is due to the labile fraction then using the total dissolved copper concentrations as an indicator of impact overestimate the risk by a factor of four times.     

Application of laser ablation ICPMS to trace the environmental history of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta

Trace element levels in otoliths of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta were examined by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). A close linear relationship in the Sr:Ca ratios between EPMA (X-ray analysis with an electron microprobe) and LA-ICPMS analyses was found (p<0.0001), suggesting that the latter technique could be used to separate the marine and freshwater life phases. Mg:Ca, Cr:Ca, Zn:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios in either the core region or the oceanic growth zone of the otoliths varied among sites. These differences suggest that elemental compositions may reflect environmental variability among spawning (breeding) or habitat sites. Thus, those element ratios demonstrate the potential to be used to distinguish between fish spawning (breeding) sites and habitats for this species of salmon.     

钻孔应变仪的固体潮标定——消除小尺度不均匀性的影响

通过对Pion Flat观测点的Gladwin钻孔张量应变仪(BTSM)进行固体潮标定得到的应变数据,我们对地应变进行了估算并分析。小尺度地质上的不均匀性是通过远场面应变/剪应变的交互耦合方法考察面应变/剪应变时所要考虑的因素之一。一种将交互耦合引入应变仪标定的方法由此而生。以同一位置激光应变仪(LSM)观测的固体潮应变为参考,我们发现用交互耦合方法对BTSM标定消除了钻孔固体潮观测值应变中近30%的系统误差。这种标定将钻孔应变和激光应变的测量精度(大约1km)准确地联系在一起了。这种标定技术为短基线应变测量中面临的主要问题(构造应变不能表征小尺度的非均匀性)提供了解决方法。这种方法在断层滑移的残余应变测量中可能减少50%甚至更高的误差,并允许增加滑移机制的约束条件。我们发现就目前仪器而得出的固体潮应变的理论估计值来进行交互耦合标定还不够精确。将理论固体潮与激光应变仪(LSM)观测的固体潮进行比照发现,至少有一半的误差产生于对海洋负荷潮的估计。     

VLBI总体条纹拟合方法的应用及其效果

用总体条纹拟合求解各天线的延迟量和条纹率参数,可以提高与小天线相关基线的灵敏度。本文以射电致密陡谱源(CSS)3C43为例,就如何提高数据的信噪比,尽可能多地保留有效数据方面做了成功的尝试.从而十分有效地使用了总体条纹拟合方法.我们认为:对源结构的预知,配以恰当的处理技巧,能获取更多射电源结构信息,改善成图质量.     

旋转剪切带中牛顿材料和非牛顿材料的应力和应变估测

本估测了在两个同心圆边界内的旋转剪切带中的牛顿和非牛顿材料的应力和剪应变速率。剪切带中一点的切向剪应力τｒθ与１／ｒ＾２成正比，其中ｒ是从旋转中心到该点的距离。任一点的主应力σ１和σ３与从旋转中心到该点的半径成４５°角。剪应变速率γ与１／ｒ＾２ｎ成正比，其中ｎ是本构方程中的应力指数。作为圆形边界的总旋转角和ｎ的函数，应变椭圆的分布在不同点系统地变化。当ｎ很大时，变形显地集中在靠近内边界的狭窄带