河北省邢台将军墓低质超贫铁矿地质特征与开发利用前景

铁矿资源分为富铁、贫铁,随着市场需求增大和资源的枯竭,超贫铁矿将逐渐发展为主要方向,本文就河北省邢台县将军墓一带铁矿地质特征,将其定名为低质超贫铁矿,认为该类型资源在一定条件下具有很好的开发利用前景。     

大理、理塘和林芝气象要素的日变化特征对比分析

用大理、理塘和林芝的地面自动气象站资料,对比分析3站气温、相对湿度、本站气压、瞬时风速、地面温度的日变化特征。结果表明：大理、理塘和林芝气温最低值和相对湿度最大值的出现时间分别为7时、7时左右和8时左右,气温最高值和相对湿度最小值出现的时间均在16时左右。3站气压日变化呈＂双峰双谷型,＂2个高峰值时段分别出现在10时左右和凌晨0～1时,2个低谷值时段分别出现在17时左右和5时左右。风速在凌晨至7时左右较低,之后至傍晚不断增大并出现极大值,日落后逐渐减小。3站地面温度7时左右出现最低值,14时左右出现最高值。从季节变化情况看,气温和地面温度出现最高值、最低值的月份及变化幅度最大的月份基本相同。地面温度增、降幅度最大的季节分别是春季、秋季。气压随季节变化幅度较气温、相对湿度小。初春风速较大,秋季风速较小,风速对相对湿度有一定影响,大理和林芝相对湿度出现最小值的月份与风速出现最大值的月份相同。各要素值基本是大理最大,林芝次之,理塘最小,这与3站的纬度、海拔高度和下垫面性质有关。     

大理、理塘和林芝气象要素的日变化特征对比分析

用大理、理塘和林芝的地面自动气象站资料,对比分析3站气温、相对湿度、本站气压、瞬时风速、地面温度的日变化特征。结果表明:大理、理塘和林芝气温最低值和相对湿度最大值的出现时间分别为7时、7时左右和8时左右,气温最高值和相对湿度最小值出现的时间均在16时左右。3站气压日变化呈“双峰双谷型,”2个高峰值时段分别出现在10时左右和凌晨0~1时,2个低谷值时段分别出现在17时左右和5时左右。风速在凌晨至7时左右较低,之后至傍晚不断增大并出现极大值,日落后逐渐减小。3站地面温度7时左右出现最低值,14时左右出现最高值。从季节变化情况看,气温和地面温度出现最高值、最低值的月份及变化幅度最大的月份基本相同。地面温度增、降幅度最大的季节分别是春季、秋季。气压随季节变化幅度较气温、相对湿度小。初春风速较大,秋季风速较小,风速对相对湿度有一定影响,大理和林芝相对湿度出现最小值的月份与风速出现最大值的月份相同。各要素值基本是大理最大,林芝次之,理塘最小,这与3站的纬度、海拔高度和下垫面性质有关。      

Pennsylvanian carbonate platforms adjacent to deltaic systems in an active marine foreland basin (Escalada Fm., Cantabrian Zone,NW Spain)

The Pennsylvanian marine foreland basin of the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain) is characterized by the unique development of kilometre‐size and hundred‐metre‐thick carbonate platforms adjacent to deltaic systems. During Moscovian time, progradational clastic wedges fed by the orogen comprised proximal alluvial conglomerates and coal‐bearing deltaic sequences to distal shelfal marine deposits associated with carbonate platforms (Escalada Fm.) and distal clay‐rich submarine slopes. A first phase of carbonate platform development (Escalada I, upper Kashirian‐lower Podolskian) reached a thickness of 400 m, nearly 50 km in width and developed a distal high‐relief margin facing a starved basin, nearly 1000‐m deep. Carbonate slope clinoforms dipped up to 30° and consisted of in situ microbial boundstone, pinching out downslope into calciturbidites, argillaceous spiculites and breccias. The second carbonate platform (Escalada II, upper Podolskian‐lower Myachkovian) developed beyond the previous platform margin, following the basinward progradation of siliciclastic deposits. Both carbonate platforms include: (1) a lower part composed of siliciclastic‐carbonate cyclothems characterized by coated‐grain and ooid grainstones; and (2) a carbonate‐dominated upper part, composed of tabular and mound‐shaped wackestone and algal‐microbial boundstone strata alternating at the decametre scale with skeletal and coated‐grain grainstone beds. Carbonate platforms initiated in distal sectors of the foreland marine shelf during transgressions, when terrigenous sediments were stored in the proximal part, and developed further during highstands of 3rd‐order sequences in a high‐subsidence context. During the falling stage and lowstand systems tracts, deltaic systems prograded across the shelf burying the carbonate platforms. Key factors involved in the development of these unique carbonate platforms in an active foreland basin are: (1) the large size of the marine shelf (approaching 200 km in width); (2) the subsidence distribution pattern across the marine shelf, decreasing from proximal shoreline to distal sectors; (3) Pennsylvanian glacio‐eustacy affecting carbonate lithofacies architecture; and (4) the environmental conditions optimal for fostering microbial and algal carbonate factories.     

登陆孟加拉湾风暴结构个例分析与数值模拟

采用NCEP-NCAR再分析资料,分析了2006年4月29日登陆缅甸并造成云南省强降水过程的孟加拉湾风暴结构。并且利用美周新一代中尺度WRF（weather Researchand Forecast）模式对2006年4月28～30日云南强降水过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：孟加拉湾风暴登陆前后结构具有明显变化,从基本对称结构演变为非对称结构,WRF模式较好地模拟出盂加拉湾风暴登陆前后环流场特征和风暴移动路径以及造成云南强降水雨带的分布特征。     

Runoff and sediment yield from land under various uses in a Mediterranean mountain area: long‐term results from an experimental station

In this study we analyzed runoff and sediment yield from land under various traditional and current land uses in Mediterranean mountain areas, using long‐term data from an experimental station in the Aísa Valley, Central Spanish Pyrenees. Monitoring at this station has provided 20 years of data that can help explain the hydrological and geomorphological changes that have been observed at larger spatial scales, and also the changes that have occurred to some of the most characteristic landscapes of the Mediterranean middle mountains. In spite of the problems associated with the use of small experimental plots, the results obtained are consistent with other studies in the Mediterranean region, and confirm the strong influence of land use changes on runoff generation and sediment yield. The results indicate that: (i) cereal cultivation on steep slopes (both alternating cereal cultivation and fallow on sloping fields and shifting agriculture on the steepest slopes) represents a major problem for soil conservation. This explains the occurrence throughout the Mediterranean mountains of many degraded hillslopes, which show evidence of sheet wash erosion, rilling, gullying and shallow landsliding; (ii) farmland abandonment has led to a marked reduction in runoff and sediment yield as a consequence of rapid plant recolonization, particularly by dense shrubs; (iii) the natural transformation of abandoned fields into grazing meadows has reduced runoff and sediment yield. Land use trends in the Mediterranean mountains are mainly characterized by generalized farmland abandonment and a decrease in livestock pressure. From a hydrological and geomorphological point of view the main consequences have been a reduction in overland flow from the hillslopes, and a reduction in sediment sources, with differences up to one order of magnitude in sediment yield from dense shrub cover and grazing meadow areas compared with areas under shifting agriculture. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于城市绿色生产性面积的生态补偿机制研究（英文）

我国城市扩张、粮食保障和能源转型形势严峻,如何挖掘城市建成环境的绿色生产潜力、探索一条通过粮食生产和太阳能利用节约土地空间并缓解生态压力的新途径？本文不同于以往生态补偿研究大多以重点生态功能区为对象或以财税补偿机制为手段,而是创新性地建立了一种城市空间内部的生态补偿机制。本文提出城市“绿色生产性面积”作为一种从城市生态学角度来衡量城市生态承载力提升潜力的方法,它基于将城市绿色资源收入换算成相同条件下它们所能节约的生态足迹面积。首先,通过类型学方法建立绿色生产补偿策略;其次,进行城市建成环境的全要素空间清查及其绿色生产潜力分析;最后,建立不同绿色生产的生态节地效益统一核算标准,并转换为绿色生产性土地面积指标。以天津市南开区学府街道为例,通过可利用的屋顶及闲置用地进行绿色生产,补充了该区12%的建筑所占用的自然土地所能提供的生态承载力。     

Strong ground motion record selection for the reliable prediction of the mean seismic collapse capacity of a structure group

How to select a limited number of strong ground motion records (SGMRs) is an important challenge for the seismic collapse capacity assessment of structures. The collapse capacity is considered as the ground motion intensity measure corresponding to the drift‐related dynamic instability in the structural system. The goal of this paper is to select, from a general set of SGMRs, a small number of subsets such that each can be used for the reliable prediction of the mean collapse capacity of a particular group of structures, i.e. of single degree‐of‐freedom systems with a typical behaviour range. In order to achieve this goal, multivariate statistical analysis is first applied, to determine what degree of similarity exists between each selected small subset and the general set of SGMRs. Principal Component analysis is applied to identify the best way to group structures, resulting in a minimum number of SGMRs in a proposed subset. The structures were classified into six groups, and for each group a subset of eight SGMRs has been proposed. The methodology has been validated by analysing a first‐mode‐dominated three‐storey‐reinforced concrete structure by means of the proposed subsets, as well as the general set of SGMRs. The results of this analysis show that the mean seismic collapse capacity can be predicted by the proposed subsets with less dispersion than by the recently developed improved approach, which is based on scaling the response spectra of the records to match the conditional mean spectrum. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple model accounting for the uptake,transport, and deposition of wind‐eroded mineral particles in the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert of northern Chile

As previously observed in marine sediments collected downwind of African or South American continental sources, recent studies of sediment cores collected at the bottom of Mejillones Bay in north Chile (23°S) show a laminated structure in which the amount of particles of aeolian origin and their size create significant differences between the layers. This suggests inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the strength of the local southerly winds responsible for (1) the erosion of the adjacent hyperarid surface of the Mejillones Pampa, and (2) the subsequent transport of the eroded particles towards the bay. A simple model accounting for the vertical uptake, transport, and deposition of the particles initially set into motion by wind at the surface of the pampa is proposed. This model, which could be adapted to other locations, assumes that the initial rate of (vertical) uptake is proportional to the (horizontal) saltation flux quantified by means of White's equation, that particles are lifted to a height (H), increasing with the magnitude of turbulence, and that sedimentation progressively removes the coarsest particles from the air column as it moves towards the bay. In this model, the proportionality constant (A) linking the vertical flux of particles with the horizontal flux, and the injection height (H) control the magnitude and size distribution of the deposition flux in the bay. Their values are determined using the wind speed measured over the pampa and the size distribution of particles collected in sediment traps deployed in the bay as constraints. After calibration, the model is used to assess the sensitivity of the deposition flux to the wind intensity variations. The possibility of performing such quantitative studies is necessary for interpreting precisely the variability of the aeolian material in the sediment cores collected at the bottom of Mejillones Bay. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.