User participation and fishery management performance within the pacific fishery management council

Fish populations have the potential to contribute to the long-term economic and social benefit of humans, but to do so they must be managed in ways which maintain ecological health. There are many ways that management performance can be assessed, but four measures are particularly pertinent to sustainability: equity, stewardship, regulatory resilience, and efficiency. A key factor in management performance is the process by which management tools are developed and implemented. One approach that has been recommended to improve performance is to structure the management process around user participation. The paper analyzes three case studies of user participation in ad hoc processes of Pacific groundfish management: the development of a license limitation program; an inter-gear sablefish allocation; and the development of a sablefish individual quota (IQ) program. The case studies illustrate the role played by participation in contributing to the equity, stewardship, resilience, and efficiency of the management process. The effect of user participation was mixed in the three cases, depending on the history of participation, the structure and process of participation, on resource conditions and on the characteristics of the program under consideration. Participation can contribute positively to fishery management performance when there is a history of collective decision-making, the time line is slow enough to allow a full consideration of the issues, educational possibilities are pursued and the condition of the resource allows equitable compromises.     

Motions in the field of two rotating magnetic dipoles. III: Zero-velocity curves and surfaces

The zero-velocity curves and surfaces created by two parallel or antiparallel magnetic dipoles moving on concentric circles are computed. It is found that for all combinations of values of the mass parameter µ and the ratio of the magnitudes of the magnetic moments of the two dipoles, there exist closed regions inside of which charged particles are permanently trapped.     

Optical interferometric observations of a transient event of 1986 March 13 in the coma of Comet Halley

During the recent apparition of Comet Halley in 1985-86 a transient ionic event in the form of a blob of H₂ O⁺ emission was recorded in thecoma at ～ 0^h UT on 1986 March 13. Observations were carried out using a special IHW filter for H₂ O⁺ emission at 7000 å/175 å, a 35 cm telescope, a Fabry-Perot interferometer and an image intensifier camera from Gurushikhar, Mt Abu. (24?39’N,72? 47’E). A Fabry-Perot inter-ferogram in Ha taken a few minutes later at the same location reveals strong hydrogen emission (Hα) associated with the blob. The velocity field in the blob is structured with relative velocities upto ～ 35km s^?1. The event is interpreted as arising due to the sector boundary crossing of the interplanetary magnetic field by the comet     

Core-envelope models for massive fluid spheres

The solution of equation of state corresponding to equality =₃ gives non-terminating solutions for isothermal neutron star cores. Hence, for this equality, core-envelope models have been developed by taking another equation of state, corresponding to the condition ₃, in the envelope. Various static, pulsational, and rotational parameters pertaining to neutron star models are calculated. These models are gravitationally bound and stable for radial perturbations and slow rotations.     

Thermosolutal instability of compressible hall plasma in porous medium

The thermosolutal instability of a plasma in porous medium in the presence of a vertical magnetic field is considered to include the effects of compressibility and Hall currents. The effects of stable solute gradient and compressibility are found to be stabilizing and the Hall currents have a destabilizing effect. The system is stable for (C _p/g)<1;C _p, , andg denoting specific heat at constant pressure, uniform temperature gradient, and acceleration due to gravity, respectively. In contrast to the non-oscillatory modes in the absence of magnetic field and stable solute gradient, the presence of magnetic field (and, hence, Hall currents) and stable solute gradient introduce oscillatory modes for (C _p/g)>1. The case of overstability is also studied wherein the necessary conditions for the existence of overstability are obtained.     

The ionization mechanism in low level emission galaxy nuclei: Shocks

We analyze the emission component of galaxy nuclei at very low intensity levels (W(H)2Å). This emission level is considerably lower than that of classical LINERS like NGC 1052. We have access to weaker emission lines by averaging spectra with similar line ratios for H [NII], and [SII]. From the resulting spectrum for very low level emission nuclei, the [SII] 6717, 6731/[SIII] 9069, 9532 line ratio criterion (Diazet al., 1985a) unambiguously shows that shock-wave heating is the mechanism responsible for the ionization in such objects.     

Hall effects on hydromagnetic convection flow in a rotating fluid

An analysis of Hall effects on the hydromagnetic free convection resulting from the combined effects of thermal and mass diffusion of an electrically-conducting liquid passed an infinite vertical porous plate in a rotating frame of reference is carried out when a strong magnetic field is imposed in a plane which makes an angle with the normal to the plate. The expressions for the mean velocity, mean temperature in the boundary layer, and the mean skin-friction, the mean rate of heat transfer on the plate are derived. The influence of Hall currents on the flow is studied for various values of .     

Period distributions in pulsating and binary stars

We analyze the hypothesis of quantization in bands for the angular momenta of binary systems and for the maount of actionA _c in stable and pulsating stars. This parameter isA _c=Mv _eff R _eff, where the effective velocity corresponds to the kinetic energy in the stellar interior and the effective radius corresponds to the potential energyGM ²/R _eff. Analogous parameters can be defined for a pulsating star withm=M where is the rate of the massm participating in the oscillation to the total massM andv _osc,R _osc the effective velocity and oscillation radius.From an elementary dimensional analysis one has thetA _c (energy x time) (period)^1/3 independently ifA _c corresponds to the angular momentum in a binary system, or to the oscillation in a pulsating star or the inner energy and its time-scaleP _eff in a stable star.From evolving stellar models one has that P _effP _eff(solar)1.22 hr a near-invariant for the Main Sequence and for the range of masses 0.6M <M<1.6M .With this one can give scalesn _k=kn ₁ withk integers andn ₁=(P/P ₁)^1/3 withP ₁=P _eff1.22 hr. In these scales proportional toA _c, one sees that the periods in binary and pulsating stars are clustered in discrete unitsn ₁,n ₂,n ₃, etc.This can be seen in pulsating Scuti, Cephei, RR Lyrae, W Virginis, Cephei, semi-regular variables, and Miras and in binary stars as cataclysmic binaries, W Ursa Majoris, Algols, and Lyrae with the corresponding subgroups in all these materials. Phase functions (n _k) in RR Lyrae and Cephei are also associated with discrete levelsn _k.the suggested scenario is that the potential energies and the amounts of actionE _p(t), A_c(t) are indeed time-dependent, but the stars remain more time in determinated most proble states. The Main Sequence itself is an example of this. These most probable states in binary systems, or pulsating or stable stars, must be associated with velocities sub-multiplesc/ _F , given by the velocity of light and the fine structure constant.Additional tests for such a hypothesis are suggested when the sufficient amount of observational data are available. They can made with oscillation velocities in pulsating stars and velocity differences of pairs of galaxies.     

The center-to-limb variations of four Ca i lines in the photospheric spectrum at λ6500

We study the center-limb (CL) variation of the average profiles of four Ca i lines near 6500 and compare these observations with synthetic data obtained from several line formation models having different thermal structures, line parameters, LTE and non-LTE conditions, and micro and macroturbulence values, to assess the formation characteristics of our Ca i lines in the solar photosphere.Comparison of numerical results with observations indicates that non-LTE is indispensable to fit the CL variation of the central residual intensity for the line 6493, and anisotropic microturbulence is indispensable to improve the CL behavior of the equivalent widths for all lines. The Ca i line analysis favors a cool photospheric model, but this cannot be disentangled clearly from the effects of non-LTE and small-scale velocity fields on the grounds of the present line formation models.     

The thermal continuum in coronal loops: The influence of finite resistivity on the continuous spectrum

The normal mode spectrum for the linearized MHD equations is investigated for a cylindrical equilibrium. This spectrum is examined for zero perpendicular thermal conduction, with both zero and non-zero scalar resistivity. Particular attention is paid to the continuous branches of this spectrum, or continuous spectra. For zero resistivity there are three types of continuous spectra present, namely the Alfvén, slow, and thermal continua. It is shown that when dissipation due to resistivity is included, the slow and Alfvén continua are removed and that the thermal continuum is shifted to a different position (where the shift is independent of the exact value of resistivity). The old location of the thermal continuum is covered by a dense set of nearly singular discrete modes called a quasi-continuum. The quasi-continuum is investigated numerically, and the eigenfunctions are shown to have rapid spatial oscillating behaviour. These oscillations are confined to the most unstable part of the equilibrium based on the Field criterion, and may be the cause of fine structure in prominences.