GPS 全球定位系统在航空遥感精确定位中的应用

本文综述全球定位系统(GPS)在航空遥感自动精确定位中的应用现状和发展前景,着重叙述了GPS用于航空遥感定位的可能性和用机载GPS接收机按相位差分法进行航空遥感定位(空中三角测量)的一个典型试验结果。理论研究和实验表明,由于动态GPS定位技术具有很高的精确性和可靠性,它可用于从1:500到1:10万比例尺的各种地形图和专题图制作,以及诸如坐标地籍等高精度点位测定。文中还展望了GPS技术在航空、航天遥感中进一步利用的可能性。     

基于变化向量分析（CVA）的土地利用／覆盖变化动态监测（Ⅱ）—变化类型的确定方法

以光谱直接比较为基础的变化向量分析法是一种非常有效的土地利用／覆盖变化动态监测方法，在双窗口变步长阈值搜寻方法确定变化和非变化像元的基础上，提出了参考图像分类并结合变化向量方向余弦最小距离分类的变化类型确定方法，同时应用该方法在北京市海淀区进行了实验研究，得到了较为理想的结果。变化类型的判断精度达到70％以上，显示了新方法的优越性和技术可行性。     

辽宁西部TM图像逆冲断层解译及找煤研究

辽西坳陷中的断陷盆地边缘逆冲断层发育。本文描述了逆冲断层的TM影像特征,解译划分了逆冲断裂带,并指出逆冲断层对找煤远景解译推断的意义。具体分析了南票、北票矿区外围的找煤远景,还应用影像特征探索性地对逆冲断层倾角进行了解译分类。     

CNS+GNSS+INS船载高精度实时定位定姿算法改进研究

天文导航(CNS)、卫星导航(GNSS)和惯性导航(INS) 3种系统组合可提供高精度的定位定姿结果。实际工程中因INS长时间误差累积,以及系统硬件传输存在不可忽略的时间延迟,导致INS提供给CNS的预报粗姿态误差较大,恶劣海况下难以保障快速搜星,造成天文导航可靠性下降、姿态测量精度较低的问题。为此,本文提出了一种CNS+GNSS+INS高精度信息融合实时定位定姿框架,引入了等角速度外推措施,有效地解决了惯导信息延迟问题。通过高精度转台模拟恶劣海况下载体大角速度摇摆,验证了本文提出的改进算法的有效性。试验结果表明,该算法架构简单,性能可靠,显著提高了恶劣环境下星敏感器的快速、准确搜星能力,保障了三组合姿态测量的精度和可用性。     

黑龙江省封冻前土壤底墒趋势变化分析

利用黑龙江省1981-2010年的土壤湿度数据,以富锦县、龙江县、双城县、黑河市、海伦县为代表点,分析了黑龙江省东、西、南、北、中各区域封冻前(11月8日)0～30 cm土层土壤湿度的趋势变化和干湿变化,采用线性趋势、5年滑动平均和Mann-Kendall法检验变化趋势,利用Mann-Kendall和Yamamoto法对土壤湿度变化趋势进行突变点检验.结果表明:封冻前0～30 cm土层各地土壤湿度在30年间均有不同程度下降,西部龙江县下降剧烈,中部海伦县较剧烈,北部黑河市和南部双城县次之,上述代表点20 cm土层土壤湿度下降均达到了P＜0.05以内的显著水平,东部富锦县下降趋势最弱;经Mann-Kendall法检验,0～30 cm土层龙江县、海伦县土壤湿度出现了下降的突变区域,其余代表点的土壤湿度变化趋势在近几年中逐渐接近或已经超越了显著线;1994年是龙江县10 cm、20 cm土壤湿度下降的突变时期;黑龙江省各地土壤湿度的下降与封冻前一段时期内气温和降水变化密切相关,还与土壤物理性质的恶化等因素有关.     

Recent advances in monsoon studies in China

This review provides a synopsis of the major progress that has been made in monsoon studies in China and to further bridge the gap between the Chinese and international meteorological community. It consists of seven major sections. After the introduction, the second section begins with the global monsoon systems and their seasonal variation, based on some new methods proposed in recent years. Besides, some major intraseasonal features of East Asian monsoon, including the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon are discussed. In the third section, we review the interactions between ENSO and the East Asian monsoon, focusing in particular on the results of Chinese meteorologists that indicate the influence of ENSO on the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) is obviously different from that on the tropical monsoon. Besides the tropical Pacific,other ocean basins, such as the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, are also important to the East Asian monsoon, and this topic is discussed in the fourth section. In the fifth section, we address the role of land surface processes in East Asian monsoon. For example, we describe work that has shown more snow cover in spring on the Tibetan Plateau is followed by a weakened EASM and more summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valleys. The sixth section focuses on the influence of atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere(SH) on EASM, demonstrating how the signal from the SH is likely to provide new clues for the seasonal forecasting of summer rainfall in China. Finally, in the seventh section, we concentrate on the interdecadal variations of EASM. In particular, we look at a significant interdecadal variation that occurred at the end of the 1970 s, and how our understanding of this feature could affect forecasting ability.     

Relationships between Interannual and Intraseasonal Variations of the Asian-Western Pacific Summer Monsoon Hindcasted by BCC_CSM1.1（m）

Using hindcasts of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model, the relationships between interannual variability （IAV） and intraseasonal variability （ISV） of the Asian-western Pacific summer monsoon are diagnosed. Predictions show reasonable skill with respect to some basic characteristics of the ISV and IAV of the western North Pacific summer monsoon （WNPSM） and the Indian summer monsoon （ISM）. However, the links between the seasonally averaged ISV （SAISV） and seasonal mean of ISM are overestimated by the model. This deficiency may be partially attributable to the overestimated frequency of long breaks and underestimated frequency of long active spells of ISV in normal ISM years, although the model is capable of capturing the impact of ISV on the seasonal mean by its shift in the probability of phases. Furthermore, the interannual relationships of seasonal mean, SAISV, and seasonally averaged long-wave variability （SALWV; i.e., the part with periods longer than the intraseasonal scale） of the WNPSM and ISM with SST and low-level circulation are examined. The observed seasonal mean, SAISV, and SALWV show similar correlation patterns with SST and atmospheric circulation, but with different details. However, the model presents these correlation distributions with unrealistically small differences among different scales, and it somewhat overestimates the teleconnection between monsoon and tropical central-eastern Pacific SST for the ISM, but underestimates it for the WNPSM, the latter of which is partially related to the too-rapid decrease in the impact of E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation with forecast time in the model.     

Evaluation of grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2)

The Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2) has been developed through upgrading the deep convection parameterization, cumulus cloud fraction and two-moment cloud microphysical scheme, as well as changing some of the large uncertain parameters. In this paper, its performance is evaluated, and the results suggest that there are some significant improvements in GAMIL2 compared to the previous version GAMIL1, for example, the components of the energy budget at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface; the geographic distribution of shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF); the ratio of stratiform versus total rainfall; the response of atmospheric circulation to the tropical ocean; and the eastward propagation and spatiotemporal structures of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO). Furthermore, the indirect aerosols effect (IAE) is -0.94 W m-2, within the range of 0 to -2 W m-2 given by the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007). The influence of uncertain parameters on the MJO and radiation fluxes is also discussed.     

大气季节内振荡对印度洋—西太平洋地区热带低压/气旋生成的影响

文中利用EOF分析大气季节内振荡 (MJO)的时空变化的方法 ,研究了 1996年 9月～ 1997年 6月间的MJO活动对生成在印度洋—西太平洋海域的热带低压 /气旋的影响。结果发现 ,除西北太平洋之外 ,发生在其他区域的热带低压 /气旋有半数以上生成在向东移动的MJO的湿位相中。伴随MJO的向东传播 ,热带低压 /气旋平均生成位置也随之向东移动 ,而生成在西北太平洋的热带低压 /气旋分别受到向东和向西传播的MJO影响     

一次暴雨过程中的湿Q矢量诊断分析

在非地转Q矢量的基础上,考虑大气系统发展的主要热力强迫因子一非绝热加热作用,引入非地转湿Q矢量(Q^ )的概念,并应用这一理论对1999年6月23日至24日的一次暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,Q^ 辐合区是暴雨发生的有利区域;Q^ 的垂直分布反映了次级环流的方向和强弱,暴雨落区位于次级环流的上升支附近。从而说明Q^ 对暴雨天气系统的诊断和预报是一种十分有效的工具;其散度负值区可以作为预报降水落区的重要指标,为暴雨的预报提供了更广阔的思路。