Modelled sulphur depositions over Croatia

Summary A Lagrangian receptor-oriented long-range transport model has been applied in order to estimate the relative contribution of domestic, Austrian, Hungarian, Italian and Slovenian emissions to the long-term deposition of airborne sulphur in Croatia. During the November 1, 1991 to April 30, 1992 period 163.31 thousands of tonnes of sulphur were deposited over Croatia., where 90.9% originated from transboundary emission sources. Relative contribution of domestic sources was the biggest (9.1%), while Austrian contribution was the smallest (0.4%).With 1 Figure     

The Relationship Between the Sava River Basin Annual Precipitation, its Discharge and the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

Summary The Sava river annual precipitation field and the discharge anomalies in the Sava river catchment are compared to each other and to mean sea-level pressure anomalies over Europe. In addition to a correlation analysis a clustering technique is used for the time series from 1901–1990. Discharge data are available only for the period 1931–1990. As expected, a high correlation exists between the Sava river discharge and precipitation, but also, remarkable correlation is found between air pressure anomalies and Sava river precipitation. Grouping the years into four classes, the correlation is shown to be especially high for extreme events. A possible application of these results might be for the downscaling of long-lead climate anomaly forecasts. Received November 30, 1995 Revised May 21, 1998     

Rural diversification and socio-economic transformation in Croatia

Rural diversification in Croatia is well advanced because many rural families have been able to find work in secondary and tertiary activities without the need to migrate to the towns. Many rural settlements have now attained an urban character although there are regional variations, including a contrast between the continental zone with a relatively high level of commitment to agriculture and the coastal areas, with pronounced ‘deagrarisation’ where the ports and tourist resorts are well developed and the natural resource conditions for agriculture are poor. These variations are examined at the municipality level with reference to two key indicators: the share of nonagricultural population and the share of workers in the total active population. Four categories of socio-economic transformation are recognised: more urbanised, urbanised, less urbanised and rural. The main regional differences between the continental and coastal areas are confirmed with the latter showing a relatively high level of socio-economic transformation through the prominence of more highly urbanised municipalities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protection of karst aquifers in the Dinarides in Croatia

 This paper presents karst water protection measures being introduced in the Dinarides of Croatia. The spring sites for the water supply of the town of Rijeka, for its 200 000 inhabitants and the largest harbor of the northeastern side of the Adriatic Sea, have been used as a pilot research area. The European research project was used, and protection of water was generally divided into three phases. A categorization of springs has been made, and five basic protection zones have been distinguished. The rules of behavior in protected zones have been outlined. For the first time, the term water-supply "reserve" has been introduced, referring to the parts of the mountainous region where karst groundwater is recharged. Received: 26 March 1997 · Accepted: 22 July 1997     

Time profiles of solar irradiance dips

ACRIM data have been analyzed to study the time profiles of simple irradiance dips caused by single active regions. Comparison of the average characteristics of the dips appearing in the minimum and maximum of the solar cycle shows that there are no significant differences. In both periods we disclosed the facular irradiance excess in the profile wings having typical duration of two to three days and an amplitude of about 20% of the dip amplitude. The profiles were asymmetric, with a stronger and longer excess in the trailing wing. We determined an average profile which was attributed to an idealized active region, and we calculated the luminosity perturbation caused by it. Excess radiation in the wings of the profile compensates about 1/3 of the deficit in the dip. In the most simple case from our sample we compared the profile based on ACRIM measurements and the proxy profile estimated using sunspot and plage areas published in Solar Geophysical Data catalogues. The comparison indicates that the facular excess was compensating instantaneously about 2/3 of the luminosity deficit caused by sunspots.     

An analysis of active close binaries (CB) based on photometric measurements

In order to enable a successful application of the realised CB models (presented in the two former articles of the series) in the analysis of the observed light curves, an efficient method unifying the best properties of the gradient method and of the differential-corrections one into a single algorithm (Djuraevi, 1991) is proposed. This method is realised by modifying the Marquardt (1963) algorithm. The inverse problem is solved in an iterative cycle of corrections to the model elements based on a nonlinear least-square method.The interpretation of photometric observations is based on the choice of optimal model parameters yielding the best agreement between an observed light curve and the corresponding synthetic one. Some of these parameters can be determineda priori in an independent way, while the others are found by solving the inverse problem.The programmes for analysing light curves find the optimal system parameters rapidly, reliably and correctly. The corresponding programme support enables an evident graphic presentation of the results.     

Correlations between statistical population indices and spectral characteristics of carbon stars

The coefficients of correlation between spectroscopic data published by Yamashita (1967) and others for carbon stars and the statistical population indices calculated for these stars at the Toru Observatory are calculated (Table II). The intensity estimates of Cai 4227 Å, Nai D lines, the C¹³/C¹² ratio, then=n(Li/Ca) index, as well as CN and probably C₂ bands are higher in population I carbon stars. The CH(G) band and probably hydrogen (H, H, H) lines as well as Baii 4554 and 4934 Å lines are stronger in population II carbon stars. The photoelectric colour indices, corrected for interstellar reddening do not show significant population effects. They can be used as spectral type equivalents. For a population criterion the CH/CN intensity ratio is proposed.     

Changes in temperature extremes and their possible causes at the SE boundary of the Alps

Summary A trend analysis is performed on the years 1954 to 1995 annual and seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature, diurnal temperature range, air pressure, and occurrence of different weather types, grouped according to the related diurnal temperature ranges for two mountain stations in Croatia. During the last 42 years an increase in annual mean maximum and mean minimum temperature has occurred. At both stations the increase in mean maximum was faster than in the mean minimum, resulting in an increase in mean diurnal temperature range. At the same time mean annual air pressure shows a significant increase both at Zavian and at Puntijarka. An increase in occurrence of weather types with high diurnal temperature range appears at both locations, but is significant only at the inland station of Puntijarka.With 5 Figures