边界层特征量在河南省沙尘天气短期预报中的应用

介绍了利用边界层特征量——摩擦速度和梯度Richardson数制作河南省沙尘天气短期预报的方法.结果表明,该动力学方法更能够从本质上反映沙尘天气产生的机制,定性预报准确率为62.5%.     

气象台站实景监控系统防雷技术

介绍了气象台站实景监控系统的构成,系统阐述了前端监控子系统、传输线路、远程监控中心等各部位的雷电防护设计、技术标准与要求,利用接闪、接地、等电位连接、电涌保护等措施提出气象台站实景监控系统的雷电综合防护技术,提高了实景监控系统的雷电防护能力,保障了设备的安全运转。     

动力延伸预报产品在广西月降水预报中的应用

利用1958—2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和2003—2005年国家气候中心的动力延伸预报产品, 运用自然正交函数展开 (EOF) 求取预报关键区内的空间特征向量及其时间系数, 结合相似离度方法查找与预报月份相似的个例, 进而作出广西月降水量预报。独立样本试验证明, 利用动力延伸预报产品制作的区域月降水预报比利用前期实况高度距平场相关区域制作的预报效果更好。     

长江中下游遇大范围雨雪西北出现今年首次沙尘天气

1月,全国平均气温为-4.5℃,比常年同期偏高1.4℃.上旬,西藏旬平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值、黑龙江为次高值;下旬,黑龙江旬平均气温为1951年以来最高,宁夏、吉林、山西为次高值;黑龙江、吉林月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值,西藏月平均气温为1954年以来历史同期次高值.     

近44年来我国西北地区干湿特征分析

利用我国西北地区1960—2003年131个测站降水和小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料, 综合考虑降水和蒸发这两个水分平衡最关键的分量构造了降水蒸发均一化干湿指数, 进而研究了西北地区干湿的时空演变特征。结果表明:一致性异常是西北地区近44年干湿特征的最主要空间分布模态; 西北地区干湿异常特征主要分为西风带气候区型, 高原气候区型和季风气候区型; 整个西北地区及其西风带气候区、高原气候区年干湿特征呈较为显著的变湿趋势, 大约在20世纪70年代中期均发生了由干向湿的突变, 而季风气候区表现为变干趋势, 并且在90年代前期发生了由湿向干的突变; 整个西北地区及各分区近44年来主要以年代际周期振荡为主。     

宁波非气象雷达回波的人工智能识别及滤波

统计分析2003—2006年宁波雷达的非气象杂波, 影响杂波主要为地物杂波, 包括普通地物杂波 (NP杂波) 和异常地物杂波 (AP杂波) ; 并分析这些杂波在反射率因子、径向速度、谱宽产品上不连续的离散状分布等特征。基于以上特征及传统杂波识别的经验而设计出一种近似模拟人眼模糊识别的稳定安全的多维线性近似的杂波识别及其过滤算法, 在 190 个个例测试中大都效果较好, 尤其在 150 km 以内, 能够在确保降水数据完整、准确的基础上有效过滤非气象杂波。     

MM5对末次盛冰期中国气候的模拟研究Ⅰ:CO2和地球轨道参数的影响

通过模式结果与实况资料和地质记录对比,表明模式系统可以较好地模拟现代气候状况和末次盛冰期气候的变化,特别是降水的变化与地质记录符合得较好.在末次盛冰期和现代气候状况下地球轨道参数的变化对中国地区年平均温度的影响很小,但对不同季节温度变化的作用不同.冬季气温的变化比较显著,不能忽略.CO2浓度在末次盛冰期最低,其混合比为200×10-6,这使得气温降低.CO2的作用也存在明显的季节和区域特征.冬季其影响最大;但夏季其作用较小,甚至出现CO2浓度减少温度增加的现象.产生增温现象的原因是云量发生了变化,使到达地面的太阳辐射增加.这个结果表明云在气候变化中,可能起着非常重要的作用,甚至可以影响某时段和区域温度等要素变化的方向.青藏高原地区对这两个辐射因子变化的响应与中国其他地区相比偏小,原因是该地区的云量高于其他地区.相对现代气候,末次盛冰期地球轨道参数变化对气候的影响小于CO2的作用.但相对于末次盛冰期气候的变化,这两个因子的贡献都是比较小的.CO2对末次盛冰期年平均温度变化的贡献大约为3%-10%.此外,现代和末次盛冰期气候背景下,CO2的作用相同.     

气象月报表中部分人工观测项目的预审

针对气象月报表预审中经常遇到的问题，总结了人工观测项目中云和天气现象等记录预审的基本方法，并介绍了一些经验。     

Quantifying contributions of climate feedbacks to tropospheric warming in the NCAR CCSM3.0

In this study, a coupled atmosphere-surface “climate feedback-response analysis method” (CFRAM) was applied to the slab ocean model version of the NCAR CCSM3.0 to understand the tropospheric warming due to a doubling of CO₂ concentration through quantifying the contributions of each climate feedback process. It is shown that the tropospheric warming displays distinct meridional and vertical patterns that are in a good agreement with the multi-model mean projection from the IPCC AR4. In the tropics, the warming in the upper troposphere is stronger than in the lower troposphere, leading to a decrease in temperature lapse rate, whereas in high latitudes the opposite it true. In terms of meridional contrast, the lower tropospheric warming in the tropics is weaker than that in high latitudes, resulting in a weakened meridional temperature gradient. In the upper troposphere the meridional temperature gradient is enhanced due to much stronger warming in the tropics than in high latitudes. Using the CFRAM method, we analyzed both radiative feedbacks, which have been emphasized in previous climate feedback analysis, and non-radiative feedbacks. It is shown that non-radiative (radiative) feedbacks are the major contributors to the temperature lapse rate decrease (increase) in the tropical (polar) region. Atmospheric convection is the leading contributor to temperature lapse rate decrease in the tropics. The cloud feedback also has non-negligible contributions. In the polar region, water vapor feedback is the main contributor to the temperature lapse rate increase, followed by albedo feedback and CO₂ forcing. The decrease of meridional temperature gradient in the lower troposphere is mainly due to strong cooling from convection and cloud feedback in the tropics and the strong warming from albedo feedback in the polar region. The strengthening of meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere can be attributed to the warming associated with convection and cloud feedback in the tropics. Since convection is the leading contributor to the warming differences between tropical lower and upper troposphere, and between the tropical and polar regions, this study indicates that tropical convection plays a critical role in determining the climate sensitivity. In addition, the CFRAM analysis shows that convective process and water vapor feedback are the two major contributors to the tropical upper troposphere temperature change, indicating that the excessive upper tropospheric warming in the IPCC AR4 models may be due to overestimated warming from convective process or underestimated cooling due to water vapor feedback.     

Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Tomography Based on the BeiDou Satellite System简

This paper presents a novel approach for assessing the precision of the wet refractivity field using BDS （BeiDou navigation satellite system） simulations only,GPS,and BDS＋GPS for the Shenzhen and Hongkong GNSS network.The simulations are carried out by adding artificial noise to a real observation dataset.Instead of using the δ and σ parameters computed from slant wet delay,as in previous studies,we employ the Bias and RMS parameters,computed from the tomography results of total voxels,in order to obtain a more direct and comprehensive evaluation of the precision of the refractivity field determination.The results show that：（1） the precision of tropospheric wet refractivity estimated using BDS alone （only 9 satellites used） is basically comparable to that of GPS; （2） BDS＋GPS （as of current operation） may not be able to significantly improve the data＇s spatial density for the application of refractivity tomography; and （3） any slight increase in the precision of refractivity tomography,particularly in the lower atmosphere,bears great significance for any applications dependent on the Chinese operational meteorological service.