摄影测量与遥感的发展趋势评述

2008年第2l届国际摄影测量与遥感大会在中国成功举办,增强了我国该领域科技工作者与国内外同行的相互了解与合作。2010年初,针对我国测绘创新与地理信息产业发展的实际需要,国际摄影测量与遥感学会（ISPRS）秘书处和国家测绘局国际科技合作司共同主办了《摄影测量与遥感动态》学术性简讯,通过简讯来介绍国际摄影测量与遥感及相关领域最新进展和发展动向,展示我国在地理空间信息领域取得的巨大成就,从而促进中国与国际同行的广泛交流和深度合作。     

高级科普之精品——《自然灾害》

正《自然灾害》是由中国科学院院士、地球物理学家、中国科学院地学部主任、中国地震局科技委主任、中国地球物理学会理事长陈颙先生和国家减灾委专家委员会副主任、北京师范大学常务副校长、民政部—教育部减灾与应急管理研究院副院长史培军先生针对人类无法抗拒的自然灾害而编著的一部高级科普之精品,也是新世纪我国高等学校的教材。由北京师范大学出版社出版,全国新华书店发行,至2013年8月已是第3版第6次印刷(彩色铜版     

Sediment dispersal and quantitative stratigraphic architecture across an ancient shelf

Two large (200 to 300 km), near‐continuous outcrop transects and extensive well‐log data (ca 2800 wells) allow analysis of sedimentological characteristics and stratigraphic architecture across a large area (ca 60 000 km²) of the latest Santonian to middle Campanian shelf along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway in eastern Utah and western Colorado, USA. Genetically linked depositional systems are mapped at high chronostratigraphic resolution (ca 0·1 to 0·5 Ma) within their sequence stratigraphic context. In the lower part of the studied interval, sediment was dispersed via wave‐dominated deltaic systems with a ‘compound clinoform’ geomorphology in which an inner, wave‐dominated shoreface clinoform was separated by a muddy subaqueous topset from an outer clinoform containing sand‐poor, gravity‐flow deposits. These strata are characterized by relatively steep, net‐regressive shoreline trajectories (>0·1°) with concave‐landward geometries, narrow nearshore belts of storm‐reworked sandstones (2 to 22 km), wide offshore mudstone belts (>250 km) and relatively high sediment accumulation rates (ca 0·27 mm year^?1). The middle and upper parts of the studied interval also contain wave‐dominated shorefaces, but coeval offshore mudstones enclose abundant ‘isolated’ tide‐influenced sandstones that were transported sub‐parallel to the regional palaeoshoreline by basinal hydrodynamic (tidal?) circulation. These strata are characterized by relatively shallow, net‐regressive shoreline trajectories (<0·1°) with straight to concave‐seaward geometries, wide nearshore belts of storm‐reworked sandstones (19 to 70 km), offshore mudstone belts of variable width (130 to >190 km) and relatively low sediment accumulation rates (ca ≤0·11 mm year^?1). The change in shelfal sediment dispersal and stratigraphic architecture, from: (i) ‘compound clinoform’ deltas characterized by across‐shelf sediment transport; to (ii) wave‐dominated shorelines with ‘isolated’ tide‐influenced sandbodies characterized by along‐shelf sediment transport, is interpreted as reflecting increased interaction with the hydrodynamic regime in the seaway as successive shelfal depositional systems advanced out of a sheltered embayment (‘Utah Bight’). This advance was driven by a decreasing tectonic subsidence rate, which also suppressed autogenic controls on stratigraphic architecture.     

Facies and stacking patterns of shelf-deltas within the Palaeogene Battfjellet Formation, Nordenskiöld Land, Svalbard: implications for subsurface reservoir prediction

Textural and mineralogical properties of the sediment, facies characteristics (both derived from well data), stacking patterns (derived from well and seismic data) and plan‐view shapes (derived from seismic data) are all essential components when reconstructing reservoir geometries from subsurface data sets. Without the availability of all these sources of information, reservoir predictions can potentially deviate significantly from the true geometries. In particular, inferences about internal sandbody geometry from plan‐view considerations (isopach maps and seismic attribute maps) may lead to erroneous conclusions without knowledge of facies and textural properties of the sediment. Analysis of well‐exposed sedimentary systems has the potential to establish links between internal facies characteristics and large‐scale geometry and to improve models coupling information at these variable scales. The Palaeogene Battfjellet Formation, Svalbard, has been studied with the aim to unravel internal characteristics and external form by investigating sediment properties, facies and stacking patterns. The formation shows a combination of texturally and mineralogically very immature sediments, a predominance of wave‐generated or wave‐induced sedimentary structures and a stacking pattern of highly variable numbers of parasequences at localities few kilometres apart that best can be explained in terms of small shifting deltaic lobes that produced a complex pattern of overlapping sandbodies. The strong evidence of wave action in the receiving basin could in itself indicate strike‐extensive sandstone bodies; however, the complex sandbody arrangement and the immaturity of the sediments preclude such an interpretation. Traditional facies models coupling plan‐view geometries with internal facies characteristics (such as the coupling of strike extensive barrier systems with wave‐dominated sedimentary structures or the coupling of elongated fluvial‐dominated deltas with offshore‐directed current‐generated structures) are much too simple and may lead to erroneous interpretations if the complexity revealed by all sources of data is not appreciated.     

PREFACE

正The Abstracts of Chinese Geological Literatureis edited and published by China Geological Library with an aim to provide bibliographic information to foreign geological circles on Chinese geological literature.The Abstracts is published in four numbers per annum.It gives references to more than one hundred Chinese periodicals and serials of geology and other interdisciplinary sciences,each issue containing about 500citations.     

电子政务-自然资源和地理空间信息库标准体系研究说明

随着经济全球化、全球信息化,自然资源和具有时空特征的地理空间信息已成为国家经济社会发展的重要基础性、战略性信息资源,作为整合其他各类社会经济和人文统计信息的基础平台,也越来越广泛地应用于国民经济、社会发展、国家安全和公众生活的各个方面。为此,中办[2002]17号文件将“自然资源和基础地理空间信息库”列为国家电子政务4个基础信息库之一。     

Elementary? Comet outburst caught by the INT

New observations of the Bullet Cluster suggest that a revised version of Newton's gravitational theory can account for the patterns seen, just as well as the conventional explanation of dark matter affecting the mass distribution.