Applicability evaluation of the SWIM at river basins of the black soil region in Northeast China: A case study of the upper and middle Wuyuer River basin

In this paper, we selected the middle and upper reaches of the Wuyuer River basin in the black soil region of Northeast China as the study area. We adopted the soil and water integrated model (SWIM) and evaluated the parameter sensitivity using partial correlation coefficient. We calibrated and validated our simulation results based on the daily runoff data from Yi’an hydrological station at the outlet of the river basin and the evaporation data recorded by various weather stations from 1961 to 1997. Following evaluation of the modeling data against the observed data, we present the applicability of SWIM in the river basin of the black soil region, and discuss the resulting errors and their probable causes. Results show that in the periods of calibration and validation, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficients of the monthly and daily runoffs were not less than 0.71 and 0.55, and the relative errors were less than 6.0%. Compared to daily runoffs, the simulation result of monthly runoffs was better. Additionally, the NSE coefficients of the potential monthly evaporation were not less than 0.81. Together, the results suggest that the calibrated SWIM can be utilized in various simulation analyses of runoffs on a monthly scale in the black soil region of Northeast China. On the contrary, the model had some limitations in simulating runoffs from snowmelt and frozen soil. Meanwhile, the stimulation data deviated from the measured data largely when applied to the years with spring and summer floods. The simulated annual runoffs were considerably higher than the measured data in the years with abrupt increases in annual precipitation. However, the model is capable of reproducing the changes in runoffs during flood seasons. In summary, this model can provide fundamental hydrological information for comprehensive management of the Wuyuer River basin water environment, and its application can be potentially extended to other river basins in the black soil region.     

Scandium geochemistry of phosphorites, Guizhou, Southwest China

Geochemical characteristics of scandium are described with respect to its source,evolution and correlation with REE as observed in Late Sinian and Early Cambrian phosphorites and tuffs in Guizhou.Gomparison of chondrite-nomalized REE patterns and some other parameters between the phosphorite and tuff shows that scandium and REE are most likely to have been derived from earlier or contemporaneous marine volcanics or tuffs,with no indication of genetic link to the purple shales,silstones and dolomites in the area.The conditions under which the Sc-bearin phosphorites were formed are discussed in the light of sulfur isotopes and Eh-Ph constrains.     

2016年震情述评

<正>1 SURVEY OF GLOBAL SEISMICITY A total of 17 strong earthquakes with MS≥7.0 occurred in 2016(by the end of December31,2016)throughout the world,according to the China Seismic Network.Among them,one earthquake with M_S8.0 occurred on November 13,2016 in New Zealand(Fig.1).The 2016New Zealand M_S8.0 earthquake(M_W7.8 measured by USGS)was the strongest one     

A multiple-proxy stalagmite record reveals historical deforestation in central Shandong,northern China

Evaluating anthropogenic impacts on regional vegetation changes during historical time is not only important for a better understanding of the Anthropocene but also valuable in improving the vegetation-climate models. In this study, we analyzed stable isotopes(δ~(18)O, δ~(13)C) and trace elements(Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) of a stalagmite from Huangchao Cave in central Shandong, northern China.~(230)Th and AMS~(14)C dating results indicate the stalagmite deposited during 174BC and AD1810, with a hiatus between AD638 and 1102. Broad similarities of the δ~(18)O and trace elements in the stalagmite suggest they are reliable precipitation indexes. The δ~(13)C of the stalagmite, a proxy of vegetation change, was generally consistent with local precipitation and temperature variations on a centennial-scale before the 15th century. It typically varied from –9.6‰ to –6.3‰, indicating climate controlled C3 type vegetation during this period. However, a persistent and marked increasing trend in the δ~(13)C record was observed since the 15th century, resulting in δ~(13)C values from –7.7‰ to –1.6‰ in the next four centuries. This unprecedented δ~(13)C change caused by vegetation deterioration cannot be explained by climate change but is fairly consistent with the dramatically increasing population and farmland in Shandong. We suggest that the increasing deforestation and reclamation in central Shandong began to affect vegetation in the mountain region of central Shandong since the 15th century and severely destroyed or even cleared the forest during the 16th–18th century.     

Effects of Airflow Induced by Rainfall on Shallow Groundwater Table Fluctuations

An investigation of groundwater table fluctuations induced by rainfall should consider interactions between the liquid and gas phases in soils. In this study, a water‐air two‐phase flow model was initially verified by simulating an infiltration experiment. It was then employed to model the interactions between liquid and gas phases regarding actions of airflow on the groundwater table and the fluctuations of the phreatic level and water level in the well induced by rainfall. The effects of airflo7w caused by rainfall on phreatic level fluctuations were also studied quantitatively by comparing the results obtained using the proposed model with those obtained from a water single‐phase flow model. The simulation results show that in addition to actual recharge, compressed airflow in unsaturated zones causes the phreatic level to increase, but the rise in the phreatic level is lower than that in the pore‐air pressure head in unsaturated zones due to the mitigation of capillary fringe. The existence of airflow enhances the phreatic level rise during and after rainfall. In addition, the water level in the well, pushed by the phreatic level fluctuations, varies similarly to the phreatic level, but it experiences somewhat delayed and slightly attenuated. The Lisse effect precisely reflects the phreatic level fluctuations before actual recharge. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the phreatic level and water level in the well and the contributions of airflow to phreatic level fluctuations are affected by many factors: rain intensity, initial moisture, overlying aquitard, groundwater table depths, and screen depths of the well.     

中国地理科学的国家需求与发展战略

中国未来的产业优化与升级、农业发展、高技术产业发展、国际贸易、城市化、人口健康、资源综合利用和社会可持续发展、能源结构优化、环境改善、国家安全都需要地理学做出贡献。为此,中国地理学要以国家需求为导向,解决国家发展中的重大地理学问题;要加强基础研究,在若干主攻方向上占领国际学术前沿阵地;要充分发挥我国的地理优势,发展具有中国特色的地理科学;要整合和提升已有基础,造就优秀地理学家群体;要建立地理研究的高新技术体系,建成世界一流的地理研究和实验基地;产出具有世界影响的地理科学成果。未来中国地理学的战略重点是：以综合的观点和学科交叉的方式研究地球表层系统的演变及其动态机制,创新理论体系;在方法上发扬地理学综合方法和区域研究方法,开拓格局与过程耦合的技术路线,发展地球信息科学与“数字地球”,发展地理实验;组织科技攻关：加强第一手数据的获取;要在国土整治研究、区域可持续发展研究、全球变化及其区域响应研究、地理信息应用研究等应用方向与技术上取得突破。为了发展中国地理科学,需要在政策与社会、投入、教育、组织等方面提供保障。     

The Comparative Analysis on Country Park Management between Hong Kong and Beijing

With a comparatively mature state of country park development for China, Hong Kong serves as a model that is emulated by many cities in Mainland China. In contrast, Beijing started to establish country parks relatively late, but along with the nascent “Country Park Loop”, achieving scientific and reasonable operation management is now the major challenge facing Beijing. By comparing the differences between Hong Kong and Beijing country park management in terms of positioning, management organization, legal guarantees, supporting facilities and education, this paper explores the factors of social development stage, urban developmental history and planning, the wilderness concept and financial support which are responsible for those differences. In order to achieve sustainable development, this paper shows that Beijing country parks should seek corresponding solutions according to their own characteristics.     

乳山湾外邻近海域氮和磷的分布与收支过程研究

基于2009年6–9月,2014年5月,2014年7–8月在乳山湾外邻近海域的综合调查资料,分析了该开放海域水体与沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的组成和分布,并在潮汐潮流数值模式计算水通量的基础上分析了近岸开放区域无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的循环与收支的主要过程,量化了潮汐潮流、初级生产的消耗与转化、底界面过程与内部循环等过程对氮和磷营养盐循环与收支的影响。结果表明,夏季乳山湾外邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的浓度与分布受陆源输入和潮汐潮流的共同影响,高值均出现在湾口区域;沉积物-水界面存在DIN和DIP从沉积物向上覆水释放的现象,使得底层水体的氮、磷营养盐浓度高于表层水体。氮的收支表明,研究海域水体内部循环过程是初级生产所需DIN的主要来源,占初级生产总消耗量的86%,其次是水交换作用(11%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献相对较小(3%);水体DIN的移出主要是通过埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用,其比例分别为80%、16%和4%。磷的收支显示,研究海域水体内部循环过程贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%,其次是水交换作用(9%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献小于1%;水体DIP支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向外海的输送,其比例分别为67%和33%。研究结果表明内部循环过程是近海水体氮和磷获得补充的主要途径,不过外部来源的氮、磷营养盐结构与系统内部具有显著的差异,且系统内磷的埋藏效率要高于氮,其必将对乳山湾外邻近海域营养盐结构和初级生产产生长远的影响。     

Numerical simulation of non-linear regular and focused waves in an infinite water-depth

Inviscid three-dimensional free surface wave motions are simulated using a novel quadratic higher order boundary element model (HOBEM) based on potential theory for irrotational, incompressible fluid flow in an infinite water-depth. The free surface boundary conditions are fully non-linear. Based on the use of images, a channel Green function is developed and applied to the present model so that two lateral surfaces of an infinite-depth wave tank can be excluded from the calculation domain. In order to generate incident waves and dissipate outgoing waves, a non-reflective wave generator, composed of a series of vertically aligned point sources in the computational domain, is used in conjunction with upstream and downstream damping layers. Numerical experiments are carried out, with linear and fully non-linear, regular and focused waves. It can be seen from the results that the present approach is effective in generating a specified wave profile in an infinite water-depth without reflection at the open boundaries, and fully non-linear numerical simulations compare well with theoretical solutions. The present numerical technique is aimed at efficient modelling of the non-linear wave interactions with ocean structures in deep water.     

基于环境DNA技术的黄河流域下游山区河流大型底栖动物群落多样性特征及其影响要素分析

河流生物群落组成由多种环境因子共同作用形成,但其影响机制尚不清楚。本研究基于环境DNA技术,选择黄河流域下游4条山区河流(锦绣川、锦阳川、锦云川和三川汇合后河流)的10个样点开展大型底栖动物监测。结果发现:不同溪段水质状况有所差异,锦云川盐化程度(以电导率EC表征)和营养盐浓度较高,锦阳川抗生素浓度较高,锦绣川水质较好。山区河流大型底栖动物群落组成差异明显,锦绣川以水生昆虫为主,软体动物占比较低。其中,昆虫纲的大蚊(Tipula abdominalis)、天角蜉(Uracanthella punctisetae)和寡毛纲的顠体虫(Aeolosoma sp.)是造成锦绣川与其他河流大型底栖动物群落结构差异的关键物种。冗余分析和变差分解分析结果表明,盐化、营养盐和抗生素均会对大型底栖动物群落组成产生影响。其中,EC的解释率为22.86%,营养盐中的TP、NH₃-N和TN的解释率分别为20.12%、13.25%和7.81%;此外,盐化可与营养盐和抗生素通过耦合效应对大型底栖动物群落组成产生影响,贡献率分别为21.60%和16.20%;抗生素与营养盐的贡献率为19.60%。逐步判别回归模型结果显示,Margalef指数(d)受盐化(EC)和营养盐(NH₃-N和NO₃^--N)的共同影响;随着河流中EC浓度升高,d 与NH₃-N之间的正响应关系及其与NO₃^--N之间的负响应关系显著增强。因此,多环境因子对水生生物的影响不容忽视,在大型底栖动物生物多样性保护中应关注各类环境因子的影响贡献。