假玄武玻璃的研究进展与现状

在国外有关假玄武玻璃（pseudotachylite)的研究已经有百余年的历史,在野外产状、显微镜观察和实验模拟等方面积累了丰富的资料。而国内在这方面的研究甚少。近年来,随着人们对“活断层”研究的深入,所谓有“地震化石”之称的假玄武玻璃也日益为研究者们所重视。假玄武玻璃通常认为是与地震断层有关的高应变速率条件下的产物。假玄武玻璃的研究对了解地震时地下深处断层带的变形机制等多方面具有重要意义。尤其是通过模拟假玄武玻璃形成时的相似条件（主要是力学机制和化学机制）,可以了解假玄武玻璃形成时断层剪切带变形历史。为了使国内对这一研究领域感兴趣的学者了解假玄武玻璃的形成过程及其所反映的意义,本文从假玄武玻璃的地质特征及成因等几个方面进行了总结,以飧读者。     

贵州织金洞世界地质公园喀斯特成景机制及模式研究

本文将织金喀斯特分为8大类:洞穴、峡谷、天生桥、天坑、高峰丛、丘陵、单面山与象形山、水文遗迹等,它们以下三叠统海相碳酸盐岩为物质基础,有序、集中分布于织金洞、绮结河、东风湖三片相对独立,却又以绮结河为纽带紧密相连的喀斯特区域内,共同构成一个以洞穴、峡谷、天生桥、天坑为核心,形态雄伟、典型、优美、珍稀的高原喀斯特景观群。同时在对公园区域成景背景进行分析和研究的基础上,认为织金喀斯特的形成演化,始于古近纪,以三处喀斯特区域相互之间水力联系的演变为主轴,历经四个阶段:初始阶段(古近纪期间,喀斯特地层出露)→雏形阶段(分轴型离散岛屿式成景过程)→重要发育阶段(主轴型离散岛屿式与集合型岛屿式成景过程)→现代喀斯特阶段。期间,三个喀斯特区域产生不同的喀斯特响应过程:(1)织金洞区域,以织金洞地下河的演变为主轴,历经横向裂隙式岩溶水→地下河道→抬升形成化石洞穴/洞穴景观发育阶段/袭夺地表河(古新寨河)→地下河大规模发育→抬升形成化石洞穴/被袭夺阶段/→地下河小规模发育/洞穴景观发育等不同的地下岩溶循环发育阶段,形成了规模宏大的4层迷宫式化石洞穴系统—织金洞洞穴系统,洞内次生化学沉积物类型齐全,形态优美、独特,体量巨大,现代总体属于已停止发育的化石型洞穴喀斯特区域。(2)绮结河区域,以绮结河的演变为主轴,历经地表流水各向分散流动阶段→地表河阶段→地下河阶段→地下河改道/袭夺阶段→地下河大规模发育阶段→改道/明流与伏流交替阶段等不同的地表与地下岩溶交替循环发育阶段,峰丛、洞穴、峡谷、天坑、天生桥等地貌有序分布于河谷上或其两侧,协同共生,现代总体属于地表与地下喀斯特正在相互交替发育的区域。(3)东风湖区域,以六冲河的演变为主轴,历经持续、漫长、大规模、高强度的横向—纵向侵蚀、切割,峰丛、丘陵、象形山、单面山、峡谷有序分布于其上宽下窄的河谷上或其两侧,共生发育,现代总体属于正在发育的地表喀斯特区域。(4)整个公园,以三处喀斯特区域相互之间水力联系的演变为主轴,历经四个不同的喀斯特阶段,及各区域不同的喀斯特响应过程,形成独特的织金高原喀斯特景观群,现代总体上正在分区进行着三种不同的喀斯特过程。在上述分析的基础上,提出分轴型、主轴型、离散型和集合型等四种岛屿式成景机制。同时,通过与相似、典型岩溶区域(如广西乐业、重庆武隆等)的成景模式进行对比,将织金喀斯特成景模式归纳为"相邻岛屿式成景模式"。     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

断裂构造遥感识别和提取方法的现状与展望

断裂构造的遥感识别、提取方法和技术具有非常重要的应用和研究价值。随着遥感及相关技术的快速发展,断裂构造的遥感解译方法也取得了较大的进展。总结了断裂构造遥感解译的必要性及其解译标志,总结了断裂构造遥感的解译方法,尤其是遥感自动提取的方法和技术,并分析了存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Lithic assemblage from the Jingshuiwan Paleolithic site of the early Late Pleistocene in the Three Gorges,China

The Jingshuiwan Paleolithic site lies in the second terrace of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and has a complete geomorphological section. Archaeological materials from early Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits of silt and sand are dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to ca. 70 ka. The stone assemblage from layer 7 includes retouched tools (118), cores (304), flakes (281), flake fragments (101), stone hammers (four) and chunks (102). Artifacts were made from lithic sources locally available from the former riverbed. The main type used was silicarenite; quartzite, hypabyssal intrusive rock, extrusive rock and volcanic breccia were also used. The principal flaking technique was direct hammer percussion without prepared striking platforms. Major blanks for tool fabrication were complete flakes (67.0%), followed by cores and incomplete flakes. Most tools were large. Chopper-chopping tools and scrapers were the dominant tool types, followed by points and notches. Modified tools were mostly retouched unifacially on the surface of blanks by direct hammer percussion. Jingshuiwan provides evidence that South China was occupied during MIS 4. Because of the similarity of the stone tool assemblage with earlier ones associated with Homo erectus, it may also provide indirect evidence that H. erectus persisted into the early Late Pleistocene.     

断裂构造遥感识别和提取方法的现状与展望

断裂构造的遥感识别、提取方法和技术具有非常重要的应用和研究价值。随着遥感及相关技术的快速发展,断裂构造的遥感解译方法也取得了较大的进展。总结了断裂构造遥感解译的必要性及其解译标志,总结了断裂构造遥感的解译方法,尤其是遥感自动提取的方法和技术,并分析了存在的问题及发展趋势。     

基于ERA5-LAND的中国东北地区近地表土壤冻融状态时空变化特征

土壤冻融交替是陆地表层极其重要的物理过程,土壤冻融状态的频繁变化对地气能量交换、地表径流、植被生长、生态系统及土壤碳氮循环等均具有重要的影响。本文基于1981—2019年ERA5-LAND逐小时土壤温度数据,借助GIS空间分析功能,利用Python编程处理分析了中国东北地区近地表土壤冻融状态的时空变化特征。结果表明：从不同冻融状态起始日期的空间分布来看,近地表不同阶段的起始日期主要受纬度和地形的影响,具有明显的纬度地带性和垂直地带性。春季冻融过渡期和完全融化期的起始日期由东南向西北均呈逐渐推迟趋势,而秋季冻融过渡期与完全冻结期起始日期则由东南向西北随纬度升高越来越早。就不同冻融状态发生天数的空间分布而言,研究区南部春季冻融过渡期发生天数多于北部,西部多于东部,年均发生天数均在30 d以内;秋季发生冻融的天数空间差异不大,研究区一半以上的地区年均发生天数在10 d以内。完全融化期发生天数最多,从东南向西北呈逐渐减少趋势,年均发生天数主要介于150~240 d之间;完全冻结期发生天数则由南向北日益增多,其空间分布表现为一向南开口的簸箕形,各地年均发生天数集中于90~180 d之间。从时间变化趋势来看,近年来春季冻融过渡期起始日期以提前趋势为主,而秋季冻融过渡期起始日期总体表现为延后,致使完全融化期发生天数以增加趋势为主,年均变化速度高达0.2 d/a;大兴安岭以西、呼伦贝尔高原以北地区及辽河平原春季冻融过渡期发生天数呈减少趋势,其他地区为增加趋势;大兴安岭以西地区、呼伦贝尔高原以北地区完全融化期起始日期明显提前;松嫩平原和长白山区秋季冻融过渡期起始日期推迟显著,发生天数的变化趋势呈北增南减的空间分异特征;不同地区完全冻结期起始日期的变化趋势差异显著,中部广大的平原区呈不显著的推迟趋势,而大、小兴安岭、长白山、辽东半岛和辽西丘陵则提前进入完全冻结状态;研究区完全冻结期发生天数呈减少趋势,研究区中部的季节冻土区完全冻结期明显变短,年均减少速度大于0.2 d/a。     

泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址剖面易溶盐沉积及其环境意义

东谷坨遗址地处泥河湾盆地东部边缘,是该地区发掘次数和出土遗物最多的早更新世古人类活动遗址之一。对遗址湖滨相沉积物易溶盐类的测试和分析表明,此剖面代表的泥河湾古湖易溶盐为Na+-CO32--SO42--HCO3-型,属于淡水湖—半咸水湖,处于半干旱区湖泊演化早期的碳酸盐湖泊阶段。K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-和Cl-等6类离子含量的变化曲线表现出较大的相似性,且它们与含盐量的变化大体一致。CaCO3含量及含盐量的变化与沉积物中细颗粒含量变化具有一致性,细颗粒含量较高时期对应CaCO3含量和含盐量相对较高时期。根据含盐量和各主要离子比值并结合CaCO3含量变化,将湖泊演化划分为4个阶段,古人类在该遗址活动时期对应于湖泊演化的前3个阶段。该项研究对探讨东谷坨遗址利用者的生存行为与环境的关系具有重要意义。     

东天山-北山Cu- Ni- Au- Pb- Zn成矿带主要成矿地质特征及潜力分析

文章通过潜力评价成果汇总和综合分析,结合找矿新理论和该区找矿新进展,重新划定(修定)了东天山-北山Cu-Ni-Au-Pb-Zn重点成矿带的边界。东天山-北山Cu-Ni-Au-Pb-Zn重点成矿带位于西伯利亚板块和塔里木板块之间,在漫长的地质构造演化过程中经历了多次裂解、拼合、造山等构造运动,相应地发生过多期、多阶段的成矿作用,致使此带形成了众多不同矿种、不同类型的矿床,是矿产勘查突破的有利区带。作者从研究区构造演化历史出发,分析了该带区域成矿地质背景,结合带内最新的找矿进展,修订了东天山-北山Cu-Ni-Au-Pb-Zn重点成矿带的成矿谱系,深化了对本成矿带的成矿规律认识;新一轮矿产资源潜力评价证实,带内仍然具有极大的资源潜力,在此基础上,在本带划分了19个远景区,其中9个为重点远景区,10个为一般远景区;提出了带内可能发现新矿床类型(如:砂岩型铀矿、斑岩型金矿等)和新矿种(如稀有稀散金属等);建议本带下一步勘查部署的主攻矿种为Ni、Cu、Mo、Au、W,兼顾Pb、Zn、Ag、Fe和Mn;建议本带主攻类型为基性-超基性岩型镍铜矿、斑岩型铜(钼、金)矿、破碎蚀变岩型金矿、碳酸盐岩-细碎屑岩型铅锌银多金属矿、海相火山岩型铁矿、矽卡岩型银矿以及沉积型锰矿等。该项工作对指导本成矿带下一步矿产勘查部署工作有一定指导意义。