Upper ocean near-inertial response to the passage of two sequential typhoons in the northwestern South China Sea

Fifty-seven days of moored current records are examined, focusing on the sequential passage of Typhoons Nesat and Nalgae separated by 5 days in the northwestern South China Sea. Both typhoons generated strong near-inertial waves(NIW) as detected by a moored array, with the near-inertial velocity to the right of the typhoon path significantly larger than to the left. The estimated vertical phase and group velocities of the NIW induced by Typhoon Nesat are 0.2 cm s^-1 and 0.85 m h^-1, respectively,corresponding to a vertical wavelength of 350 m. Both the vertical phase and group velocities of the NIW induced by Typhoon Nalgae are lower than those of Typhoon Nesat, with the corresponding vertical wavelength only one-half that of Nesat. The threshold values of induced near-inertial kinetic energy(NIKE) of 5 J m^-3 reach water depths of 300 and 200 m for Typhoons Nesat and Nalgae, respectively, illustrating that the NIKE induced by Typhoon Nesat dissipated less with depth. Obvious blueshifts in the induced NIW frequencies are also detected. The frequency of NIW induced by Typhoon Nesat significantly increases at water depths of 100–150 m because of Doppler shifting, but decreases significantly at water depths of 100–150 m for Nalgae because of the greater influence of the background vorticity during the passage of Typhoon Nalgae.     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Neoarchean Metamorphic Mafic Rocks in the Wutai Complex

Neoarchean metamorphic mafic rocks in the lower and the middle Wutai Complex mainly comprise metamorphic gabbros, amphibolites and chlorite schists. They can be subdivided into three groups according to chondrite normalized REE patterns. Rocks in Group #1 are characterized by nearly flat REE patterns （Lan/Ybn=0.86-1.3）, the lowest total REEs （29-52 ppm）, and weak negative to positive Eu anomalies （Eun/Eun=0.84-1.02）, nearly flat primitive mantle normalized patterns and strong negative Zr（Hf） anomalies. Their geochemical characteristics in REEs and trace elements are similar to those of ocean plateau tholeiite, which imply that this group of rocks can represent remnants of Archean oceanic crust derived from a mantle plume. Rocks in Group #2 are characterized by moderate total REEs （34-116 ppm）, LREE-enriched （Lan/Ybn=1.76-4.34） chondrite normalized REE patterns with weak Eu anomalies （Eun/Eun=0.76-1.16）, and negative Nb, Ta, Zr（Hf）, Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized spider diagram. The REE and trace element characteristics indicate that they represent arc magmas originating from a sub-arc mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. Rocks in Group #3 are characterized by the highest total REEs （61-192 ppm）, the strongest LREEs enrichment （Lan/Ybn=7.12-16） with slightly negative Eu anomalies （Eun/Eun=0.81-0.95） in the chondrite normalized diagram. In the primitive mantle normalized diagram, these rocks are characterized by large negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, Ti, negative to no Zr anomalies. They represent arc magmas originating from a sub-arc mantle wedge enriched in slab-derived melts. The three groups of rocks imply that the formation of the Neoarchean Wutai Complex is related to mantle plumes and island-arc interaction.     

泥石流危险性评价:模糊c均值聚类-支持向量机法

泥石流是一种能够造成灾难性后果的严重自然灾害,准确可靠的泥石流危险性评价对于其预警及防治工作来说至关重要。泥石流的危险性评价方法有很多,模糊c均值聚类（FCM）方法是其中一种应用广泛的分类方法;相比其他方法而言,其无需主观确定边界,并且能以各级隶属度矩阵为输出结果,方便应用。支持向量机（SVM）是基于结构风险最小化为目标的机器学习理论,以支持向量为算法支撑,具有一定的鲁棒性,并且适合在小样本条件下进行分类。本文选用FCM和SVM联合的方法,开展泥石流危险性的评价;对北京房山区南窖沟泥石流危险性进行分析,并对比其他评价方法所得结果,证明本文提出的评价方法具有较好的效果。     

人口数据在地学应用中的若干问题

地学研究中使用的人口数据主要包括:现代人口调查数据、人口预测数据和历史人口统计数据。不同来源的人口数据,具有不同的特点。在使用中,必须关注人口数据本身蕴含的属性特征、空间特征和时间特征。就属性特征而言,需要注意人口统计指标含义的差异、统计口径的差异、城镇建制标准的变化问题;就空间特征而言,需要注意人口统计单元界线的模糊与争议、行政区划的调整与变更、研究区与人口统计单元不一致问题;就时间特征而言,需要注意人口数据的统计时点。在使用人口数据,特别是不同来源、不同时期的人口数据时,应该根据人口本来的属性对不同统计口径和不同统计方法的人口数据进行重新归类和统计;根据行政区划调整情况进行人口数据的再统计,或开展人口数据的空间化;根据人口数据准确的时间特征进行比较,或采用相应的人口预测方法加以推断和预测,从而实现人口数据的整合,以增强人口数据的时空可比性。     

2012年夏季海南岛东岸上升流区的混合观测

The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in the coastal waters, which are 3℃ cooler than the offshore waters and have a salinity 1.0 greater than that of the offshore waters. The magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε in the upwelling region is O(10–9 W/kg), which is comparable to the general oceanic dissipation. The inferred eddy diffusivity K_ρ is O(10–6 m~2/s), which is one order of magnitude lower than that in the open ocean. The values are elevated to K_ρ≈O(10–4 m~2/s) near the boundaries. Weak mixing in the upwelling region is consistent with weak instability as a result of moderate shears versus strong stratifications by the joint influence of surface heating and upwelling of cold water.The validity of two fine-scale structure mixing parameterization models are tested by comparison with the observed dissipation rates. The results indicate that the model developed by Mac Kinnon and Gregg in 2003 provides relatively better estimates with magnitudes close to the observations. Mixing parameterization models need to be further improved in the coastal upwelling region.     

南大西洋洋中脊附近沉积物中烃类分布和组成研究

我们利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测试了南大西洋洋中脊附近采集的沉积物样品中烃类的分布和组成。通过分析发现,样品中烃类表现出明显的双峰分布,同时明显的富集3-甲基烷烃、8-甲基烷烃以及2,4,(n-1)-三甲基烷烃,这可能是海底微生物代谢作用的结果。样品中也富集萜烷、藿烷和甾烷等生物标志物,这也支持样品中烃类主要为微生物来源的观点。样品中沥青和烃类显示出距离热液区近的2V-TVG10和26V-TVG05站位含量高,而距离热液区远的22IV-TVG01、22V-TVG11和22V-TVG14站位含量低的趋势,暗示出样品中沥青以及烃类的分布和组成可能受到海底热液活动的影响。     

浪流相互作用对北部湾内波浪、冷水团及冲淡水的影响研究

Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The model could simulate reasonable hydrodynamics in the BG when validated by various observations.Vigorous tidal currents refract the waves efficiently and make the seas off the west coast of Hainan Island be the hot spot where currents modulate the significant wave height dramatically. During summer, wave-enhanced bottom stress could weaken the near-shore component of the gulf-scale cyclonic-circulation in the BG remarkably, inducing two major corresponding adjustments: Model results reveal that the deep-layer cold water from the southern BG makes critical contribution to maintaining the cold-water mass in the northern BG Basin.However, the weakened background circulation leads to less cold water transported from the southern gulf to the northern gulf, which finally triggers a 0.2°C warming in the cold-water mass area; In the top areas of the BG, the suppressed background circulation reduces the transport of the diluted water to the central gulf. Therefore, more freshwater could be trapped locally, which then triggers lower sea surface salinity(SSS) in the near-field and higher SSS in the far-field.     

中国旅游业碳排放效率的空间网络结构及其效应研究

基于中国30个省区2001-2016年面板数据,采用SBM模型测度各省区旅游业碳排放效率,借助修正的引力模型和社会网络分析方法,厘清中国旅游业碳排放效率的空间网络结构及其效应。研究表明：① 中国旅游业碳排放效率的空间关联渐趋紧密,网络发育程度日益完善,但距理想状态仍有差距;② 各省区网络中心性指标分异性逐步减小,上海、北京、江苏等省区排名稳居前列,重庆、福建、内蒙古等省区排名波动上升,宁夏、青海、山西等省区排名相对滞后;③ 网络整体呈核心区由东部沿海向中部及西南地区持续扩展,而边缘区范围逐步收缩态势;④ 网络密度与旅游业碳排放效率呈正相关,与旅游业碳排放效率差异构成负相关关系,网络等级度和网络效率则与之相反,网络中心性各指标的提升均能显著增强旅游业碳排放效率。     

Effect of Mesoscale Land Use Change on Characteristics of Convective Boundary Layer:Semi-Idealized Large Eddy Simulations over Northwest China

Although large-scale topography and land use have been properly considered in weather and climate models, the effect of mesoscale and microscale heterogeneous land use on convective boundary layer(CBL) has not been fully understood yet. In this study, the influence of semi-idealized strip-like patches of oases and deserts, which resemble irrigated land use in Northwest China, on the CBL characteristics, is investigated based on the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-large eddy simulation(LES) driven by observed land surface data. The influences of soil water content in oases on aloft CBL flow structure, stability, turbulent kinetic energy(TKE), and vertical fluxes are carefully examined through a group of sensitivity experiments. The results show that secondary circulation(SC)/turbulent organized structures(TOS) is the strongest/weakest when soil water content in oases is close to saturation(e.g.,when the oases are irrigated). With the decrease of soil water content in oases(i.e., after irrigation), SC(TOS) becomes weak(strong) in the lower and middle CBL, the flux induced by SC and TOS becomes small(large), which has a dramatic impact on point measurement of eddy covariance(EC) fluxes. The flux induced by SC and TOS has little influence on EC sensible heat flux, but great influence on EC latent heat flux. Under this circumstance, the area averaged heat flux cannot be represented by point measurement of flux by the EC method, especially just after irrigation in oases. Comparison of imbalance ratio(i.e., contribution of SC and TOS to the total flux) reveals that increased soil moisture in oases leads to a larger imbalance ratio as well as enhanced surface heterogeneity. Moreover,we found that the soil layer configuration at different depths has a negligible impact on the CBL flux properties.