基于“3S”技术的南流江采砂点时空分布特征

利用Landsat系列遥感数据,通过目视解译的方式分析了南流江近30年的采砂点的时空分布特征及其环境效应,并探讨其驱动因素。结果表明：南流江采砂点数量在1988—2008年快速上升,2018年的采砂点数量出现大幅下降;各时期均为下游采砂点最多,中游次之,上游最少。采砂点时空分布的主要驱动因素是流域的经济快速发展带来的城市化快速扩张,2018年采砂点数量下降的主要原因是相关部门加强对非法采砂活动的监管。采砂活动是南流江含沙量下降的重要原因之一,同时也是南流江水质下降的重要原因;采砂活动使得南流江采砂区域面积在1988—2018年总共减少了7.24 km²;目前河口三角洲岸线并没有因为采砂活动的加剧输沙量减少而发生明显的蚀退。     

地理系统模型研究进展

地理系统是多圈层交互的复杂巨系统。地理系统模型是理解和预测不同尺度地理系统格局和过程变化最重要的研究方法。地理系统模型作为可持续发展科学决策必需的工具,是自然地理学重要的研究方向。过去几十年来,在全球变化等全球性重大环境问题和人类科学决策需求的推动下,地理系统模型虽然发展迅速,但还不足以准确地模拟和预测复杂人地耦合系统。本文分别从模型原理、框架和尺度等方面回顾与梳理了地理系统模型从单要素到多要素、从统计到过程、从静态到动态、从单点到区域和全球尺度模拟等发展历程,并总结了地理系统模型对发展人类—自然耦合系统以及模型—数据融合系统的趋势。发展中国的地理系统模型将有助于中国和全球可持续发展的科学决策。     

APOD mission status and preliminary results

On September 20 th, 2015, twenty satellites were successfully deployed into a near-polar circular orbit at 520 km altitude by the Chinese CZ-6 test rocket, which was launched from the Tai Yuan Satellite Launch Center. Among these satellites, a set of 4 Cube Sats conform the atmospheric density detection and precise orbit determination(APOD) mission, which is projected for atmospheric density estimation from in-situ detection and precise orbit products. The APOD satellites are manufactured by China Spacesat Co. Ltd. and the payload instruments include an atmospheric density detector(ADD), a dual-frequency dualmode global navigation satellite system(GNSS) receiver(GPS and Beidou), a satellite laser ranging(SLR) reflector, and an S/Xband very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) beacon. In this paper, we compare the GNSS precise orbit products with colocated SLR observations, and the 3 D orbit accuracy shows better than 10 cm RMS. These results reveal the great potential of the onboard micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) GNSS receiver. After calibrating ADD density estimates with precise orbit products, the accuracy of our density products can reach about 10% with respect to the background density. Density estimates from APOD are of a great importance for scientific studies on upper atmosphere variations and useful for model data assimilation.     

The impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle:A review

The increased frequency of climate extremes in recent years has profoundly affected terrestrial ecosystem functions and the welfare of human society. The carbon cycle is a key process of terrestrial ecosystem changes. Therefore, a better understanding and assessment of the impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle could provide an important scientific basis to facilitate the mitigation and adaption of our society to climate change. In this paper, we systematically review the impacts of climate extremes(e.g. drought, extreme precipitation, extreme hot and extreme cold) on terrestrial ecosystems and their mechanisms. Existing studies have suggested that drought is one of the most important stressors on the terrestrial carbon sink, and that it can inhibit both ecosystem productivity and respiration. Because ecosystem productivity is usually more sensitive to drought than respiration, drought can significantly reduce the strength of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks and even turn them into carbon sources. Large inter-model variations have been found in the simulations of drought-induced changes in the carbon cycle, suggesting the existence of a large gap in current understanding of the mechanisms behind the responses of ecosystem carbon balance to drought, especially for tropical vegetation. The effects of extreme precipitation on the carbon cycle vary across different regions. In general, extreme precipitation enhances carbon accumulation in arid ecosystems, but restrains carbon sequestration in moist ecosystems. However, current knowledge on the indirect effects of extreme precipitation on the carbon cycle through regulating processes such as soil carbon lateral transportation and nutrient loss is still limited. This knowledge gap has caused large uncertainties in assessing the total carbon cycle impact of extreme precipitation. Extreme hot and extreme cold can affect the terrestrial carbon cycle through various ecosystem processes. Note that the severity of such climate extremes depends greatly on their timing, which needs to be investigated thoroughly in future studies. In light of current knowledge and gaps in the understanding of how extreme climates affect the terrestrial carbon cycle, we strongly recommend that future studies should place more attention on the long-term impacts and on the driving mechanisms at different time scales.Studies based on multi-source data, methods and across multiple spatial-temporal scales, are also necessary to better characterize the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate extremes.     

1982～2006年全球植被生长时空变化

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,利用1982～2006年间NOAA AVHRR获得的归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,简称NDVI)数据对全球最近25年来的植被生长的动态变化及其与温度、降水的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明: 25年间,全球植被生长季NDVI总体上呈显著上升趋势(R2=0.27,PR2=0.68,PR2=0.34,P=0.08)。不同地区生长季NDVI变化趋势存在较大差异。1982～2006年间,热带地区生长季NDVI增加速度最快(R2=0.32,PR2=0.14,P=0.06）,而南半球温带地区平均生长季NDVI主要处于波动中(R2=004,P=0.31)。生长季平均NDVI与气候因子之间相关关系分析表明,北半球中高纬大部分地区植被的NDVI与温度成正相关,说明温度上升对该地区植被生长有利。     

北部湾大风江与南流江河口红树林空间分布格局研究

生长在潮间带的红树植物在河口植物群落构成、海岸防风消浪中具有重要价值。本文基于本地种桐花树胚胎浸泡下沉实验与北部湾南流江和大风江河口段水体盐度、沿线潮间带植物群落结构与地貌分析,探讨红树林在河口空间分布及影响因素。结果主要表明：南流江河口和大风江河口红树林自海向陆基本展现“红树林纯林(桐花树、秋茄、无瓣海桑种类混生)→红树植物与半红树植物(黄槿、苦朗等)混生→红树植物、半红树植物与非红树植物混生→红树植物镶嵌→稀疏红树林小苗”的分布格局,但大风江河口向陆界限主要以红树、红树幼苗及半红树混生为主。此外,红树被浸淹时长是控制河口红树空间分布结构的主要因素。潮水上溯时长影响红树向陆生长的极限位置,宜林滩地是红树发育生长的必要条件。     

On the Key Dynamical Processes Supporting the 21.7 Zhengzhou Record-breaking Hourly Rainfall in China

An extremely heavy rainfall event occurred in Zhengzhou, China, on 20 July 2021 and produced an hourly rainfall rate of 201.9 mm, which broke the station record for mainland China. Based on radar observations and a convection-permitting simulation using the WRF-ARW model, this paper investigates the multiscale processes, especially those at the mesoscale,that support the extreme observed hourly rainfall. Results show that the extreme rainfall occurred in an environment characteristic of warm-sec...     

Mapping global forest biomass and its changes over the first decade of the 21st century

Forests played an important role in carbon sequestration during the past two decades. Using a model tree ensemble method(MTE) to regress the seven reflectance bands of EOS-Terra-MODIS satellite data against country level forest biomass carbon density(BCD) of 2001–2005 provided by United Nations' s Forest Resource Assessment(FRA), we developed a global map of forest BCD at 1 km×1 km resolution for both 2001–2005 and 2006–2010. For 2006–2010, the total global forest biomass carbon stock is estimated as 279.6±7.1 Pg C, and the tropical forest biomass carbon stock is estimated as 174.4±5.4 Pg C. During the first decade of the 21 st century, we estimated an increase of global forest biomass of 0.28±0.75 Pg C yr^-1. Tropical forest biomass carbon stock slightly decreased(-0.31±0.60 Pg C yr^-1); by contrast, temperate and boreal forest biomass increased(0.58±0.28 Pg C yr^-1) during the same period. Our estimation of the global forest biomass carbon stock and its changes is subject to uncertainties due to lack of extensive ground measurements in the tropics, spatial heterogeneity in large countries, and different definitions of forest. The continuously monitoring of forest biomass carbon stock with MODIS satellite data will provide useful information for detecting forest changes.     

茅尾海钦江河口光滩时空变化过程研究

河口潮滩一般由生长于中高潮滩的植被和植被前缘光滩（裸滩）构成,光滩的时空变化直接关联潮滩冲淤及植被演替状态。本文基于Landsat 5 TM及Sentinel-2 MSI等多期遥感影像,利用随机森林分类算法与数字岸线分析系统探讨茅尾海钦江河口光滩在1986—2021年期间的变化过程。结果表明：①近40年钦江河口光滩面积总体呈现明显损失的状态,可分为1986—2002年冲淤平衡、2002—2007年快速淤积、2007—2014年急剧降低和2014—2021年缓慢淤涨4个阶段;②光滩淤积的区域主要分布于钦江沙井河口口门及内侧河槽与潮汐通道边缘,侵蚀出现在钦江沙井河口及钦江沙冲河口航道及潮沟区域;③茅尾海清淤工程是引起钦江河口光滩自2008年到2014年面积减少的直接因素,潮间带植被扩张和2015年之后大范围生蚝养殖引起的水动力减弱导致光滩向海淤涨。当前海平面上升未对光滩造成明显影响,但入海泥沙的变化一定程度上影响光滩冲淤演变。本研究可为区域河口潮滩资源的可持续高效利用提供部分理论与技术支撑。