Optimization of 3D building models by GPS measurements

GPS Solutions - Recently, 3D building models have become an important aid to many positioning methods such as LiDAR and GPS positioning. Creating an accurate 3D building model requires accurate 2D...     

On the relationship between shock wave and magnetic bottle associated with the solar flare of 4 November 1968

This note discusses the relation between shock wave and magnetic bottle, which were both associated with the solar proton flare of 4 November 1968. In particular, the formation and development of this wave and bottle are described.     

Approximate time-dependent analysis of tunnel support structure considering progress of tunnel face

The pressure acting on tunnel support structures generally increases with lapse in time. The pressure increase may be caused by not only the time-dependent mechanical properties of the underground medium, but also by the progression of the tunnel face. In order to clarify these two effects, three-dimensional analysis is required. In this study, however, a method which takes into account the three-dimensional effects of the tunnel face progression in two-dimensional plane strain analyses is proposedby introducing the ‘equivalent intial stress’. The proposed method can be easily applied to time-dependent analyses of the behaviour of tunnel support structures installed in a visco-elastic medium. The tunnels considered here are circular in shape, being driven in homogeneous isotropic linear visco-elastic media having hydrostatic initial stresses. In the first part of this paper, detailed discussions of the proposed equivalent initial stress are given. The second deals with the mathematical formulations for obtaining closed-form solutions for the pressure acting on tunnel support structures. In the third, numerical results and discussions are given, and special attetion is paid to the effects of both the time-dependent mechanical properties of the material and the tunnel face progression. Finally, the theoretical results obtained here are utilized for interpretation of field measurements.     

A study of magnetic energy build-up based on vector magnetograms

Vector magnetograms taken at the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory are studied. A sequence of procedures applied to the data for analysis are explained, and their validity is studied by examining the global magnetic force balance.     

Growth of metric noise continuum storms and its relation to the source of microwave s-emissions

The growth of radio noise continuum storms in metric frequencies or less is generally preceded by the appearance of the source of microwave S-emissions, which forms in complex sunspot groups as βγ or γ types. It is shown that the development of relationships between emissions is closely connected to the growth of magnetic field lines, above associated sunspot groups, into complex configurations.     

Green's function methods for potential magnetic fields

The Green's function method to calculate potential magnetic field on the Sun, which was first established by Schmidt (1964) in the case that the field component normal to a flat boundary plane is specified, is extended to the following three cases: (a) The field component along the line of sight, which is not generally normal to the flat boundary plane, is specified; (b) the line of sight component on a spherical boundary surface is specified; (c) the normal component on a spherical surface is specified, together with the condition that the field becomes approximately radial on an outer spherical surface (the so-called source surface). Properties of these Green's functions are examined, and the applicability of these methods to solar magnetic data is discussed.On leave of absence from Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo.     

A new occurrence of retrogressed eclogite from the Sanbagawa belt of southwest Japan and its significance

The present paper reports, for the first time, the occurrence of an omphacite‐bearing mafic schist from the Asemi‐gawa region of the Sanbagawa belt (southwest Japan). The mafic schist occurs as thin layers within pelitic schist of the albite–biotite zone. Omphacite in the mafic schist only occurs as inclusions in garnet, and albite is the major Na phase in the matrix, suggesting that the mafic schist represents highly retrogressed eclogite. Garnet grains in the sample show prograde‐type compositional zoning with no textural or compositional break, and contain mineral inclusions of omphacite, quartz, glaucophane, barroisite/hornblende, epidote and titanite. In addition to the petrographic observations, Raman spectroscopy and focused ion beam system–transmission electron microscope analyses were used for identification of omphacite in the sample. The omphacite in the sample shows a strong Raman peak at 678 cm^?1, and concomitant Raman peaks are all consistent with those of the reference omphacite Raman spectrum. The selected area electron diffraction pattern of the omphacite is compatible with the common P2/n omphacite structure. Quartz inclusions in the mafic schist preserve high residual pressure values of Δω₁ > 8.5 cm^?1, corresponding to the eclogite facies conditions. The combination of Raman geothermobarometries and garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometry gives peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of 1.7–2.0 GPa and 440–540 °C for the mafic schist. The peak P–T values are comparable to those of the schistose eclogitic rocks in other Sanbagawa eclogite units of Shikoku. These findings along with previous age constraints suggest that most of the Sanbagawa schistose eclogites and associated metasedimentary rocks share similar simple P–T histories along the Late Cretaceous subduction zone.     

Progressive changes in lithological association of the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex,Southwest Japan: Relict clinopyroxene and detrital zircon perspectives

The main tectono‐stratigraphic unit (Shirataki unit) of the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex in central Shikoku is characterized by abundant mafic schist layers that show the mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) affinity. These MORB‐derived schist layers are absent in a southern (structurally lower) domain within the unit. Instead, sporadic occurrences of small metabasite lenses that contain relict igneous minerals (Ti‐rich augite and kaersutite) indicative of alkali basalt magmatism are newly recognized in the southern domain. Compositions of relict clinopyroxene in metabasalt are useful to identify the tectonic setting and origin of the protolith basalt, and those in each unit of the Sanbagawa metamorphic complex are presented. The metamorphic grade of the Shirataki unit generally increases structurally upwards in the southern side of the highest‐grade zone, and metamorphic zonation is subparallel to lithostratigraphic succession. The protolith assemblage of the Shirataki unit shows a distinct change from the southern low‐grade domain (lower Shirataki subunit) composed of terrigenous sedimentary rocks (mudstone and sandstone) with minor alkali basalt to the northern higher‐grade domain (upper Shirataki subunit) consisting of terrigenous and pelagic sedimentary rocks with abundant MORB. The youngest detrital zircon U–Pb ages (ca 95–90 Ma) suggest that both domains have Late Cretaceous depositional ages at the trench. Progressive peeling of oceanic plate stratigraphy during subduction can account for the observed change of lithological association in the Shirataki unit.