A Modified Certainty Coefficient Method（M-CF） for Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment：A Case Study for the Wenchuan Earthquake Meizoseismal Areas

In the meizoseismal areas hit by the China Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, the disasterprone environment has changed dramatically, making the susceptibility assessment of debris flow more complex and uncertain. After the earthquake, debris flow hazards occurred frequently and effective susceptibility assessment of debris flow has become extremely important. Shenxi gully in Du Jiangyan city, located in the meizoseismal areas, was selected as the study area. Based on the research of disaster-prone environment and the main factors controlling debris flow, the susceptibility zonations of debris flow were mapped using factor weight method（FW）, certainty coefficient method（CF） and geomorphic information entropy method（GI）. Through comparative analysis, the study showed that these three methods underestimated susceptible degree of debris flow when used in the meizoseismal areas of Wenchuan earthquake. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a modified certainty coefficient method（M-CF） to reflect the impact of rich loose materials on the susceptible degree of debris flow. In the modified method, the distribution and area of loose materials were obtained by field investigations and postearthquake remote sensing image, and four data sets, namely, lithology, elevation, slop and aspect, wereused to calculate the CF values. The result of M-CF method is in agreement with field investigations and the accuracy of the method is satisfied. The method has a wide application to the susceptibility assessment of debris flow in the earthquake stricken areas.     

地震计零位自动监控设备研制

对新疆测震台站地震计频发的零位漂移情况进行分析总结,阐述了针对该地震计故障而研制的地震计自动监控设备的研究思路,对该地震计自动监控设备的工作方式与原理进行说明,提交测试结果。对自动化、智能台站的实现方式进行了初步的讨论。     

POLLEN-BASED RECONSTRUCTION OF VEGETATION IN XINJIANG DURING THE HOLOCENE

本文选择我国干旱的新疆地区为研究区域,运用全球植物功能型分类系统(PFTS)、生物群区化定量技术(Biomisation)和600个地层孢粉样品,重建全新世14个时段的生物群区.以20世纪80年代以来采集的地层孢粉原始记录进行收集、归并和统计分析(主要包括孢粉类群、样品百分比数据、测年记录和与地理坐标有关的信息等),同时利用Digitizer图像数字化软件恢复少数已发表的孢粉学文献的孢粉图式,获得建立孢粉数据库需要的相关数据信息,最终建立起新疆全新世孢粉数据库,共获取29个地层孢粉样点的600个样品,设计了54种新疆植物功能型和13种新疆生物群区类型.共重建出7种生物群区类型:荒漠草原(DEST)、灌木荒漠(DSDE)、平原草甸(PLME)、草原(STEP)、针阔混合林(NBMX)、山地草甸(MOME)和常绿针叶林(EVNF).从重建结果看,整个全新世,新疆平原地区一直处于温带干旱、半干旱气候条件控制之下,植被以荒漠、荒漠草原和草原为主,在相对湿润时期,如1000aB.P.,1500aB.P.,2500aB.P.,5000aB.P.,6000aB.P.和10000aB.P.等时段,植被多以荒漠草原或草原类型出现;在更加干旱时期,如500aB.P.,2000aB.P.,3000aB.P.,4000aB.P.,7000aB.P.,8000aB.P.,9000aB.P.和11000aB.P.等时段,植被多以荒漠类型出现.新疆的山地植被随气候波动及冰期、间冰期的交替,森林界线上下移动.在冷期(1000aB.P.,1500aB.P.,2500aB.P.,5000aB.P.,6000aB.P.和10000aB.P.),由于山地冰川扩大,气温降低,森林线下移,而海拔太低处又缺乏森林生长的足够湿度,因此森林带变窄,原来森林带的一部分被寒冷类型的草原代替;在暖期(500aB.P.,2000aB.P.,3000aB.P.,4000aB.P.,7000aB.P.,8000aB.P.,9000aB.P.和11000aB.P.),气温升高,森林线上移,森林扩展.植被对应于气候变化最敏感的是在平原区,尤其是以荒漠、荒漠草原以及草原的演替更为明显.在平原区荒漠广泛发育的干旱期,如500aB.P.,2000aB.P.,3000aB.P.,4000aB.P.,7000aB.P.,8000aB.P.,9000aB.P.和11000aB.P.等时段基本上气候相对温暖;在平原区荒漠草原和草原广泛发育的相对湿润期,如1000aB.P.,1500aB.P.,2500aB.P.,5000aB.P.,6000aB.P.和10000aB.P.等时段,则基本上处于相对较冷的气候条件下.     

西藏羌塘盆地托纳木藏布中生界烃源岩分析

[摘 要] 位于羌北拗陷与中央隆起带之间的托纳木藏布中生界烃源岩发育,其中最重要的为索瓦 组-段-四段的灰岩和泥岩。该区烃源岩厚度大,TOC 总体来说相对较低、氯仿沥青"A"和总烃含量较 低、有机质类型中等、成熟度较高。烃源岩主峰碳为双峰,高分子量长链烃优势明显,酌-蜡烷含量较低。 通过系统分认为索瓦组四段碳酸盐岩和三段泥岩质量较优,三段和二段碳酸岩盐中等,二段和一段泥岩 与碳酸盐岩较差。     

云南东川深沟泥石流治理效益分析

2012年7月（雨季）、12月（旱季）分别对深沟流域进行现场调查,在分析深沟“稳、拦、排”泥石流治理模式的基础上,研究深沟泥石流治理效益,结果表明：治理后森林覆盖率明显提高、植被群落结构得以优化,并取得了良好的社会、生态和经济效益。     

粤北棉花坑铀矿床蚀变花岗岩副矿物特征研究

采用电子探针等测试方法,对采自棉花坑铀矿床特富矿体蚀变花岗岩中的副矿物,特别是富铀副矿物进行研究。蚀变花岗岩中的副矿物有锆石、直氟碳钙铈矿、铀石-钍石、磷灰石、磷钇矿、褐帘石等,其中主要富铀副矿物有铀石-钍石、磷钇矿、独居石。研究表明,热液作用能使副矿物的晶体结构和成分发生改变,甚至形成新的矿物,同时使富铀副矿物释放大量的铀进入成矿流体,如磷钇矿蚀变为磷灰石、铀钍石蚀变为铅钍石、独居石可蚀变为直氟碳钙铈矿等;磷灰石、锆石、褐帘石等副矿物铀含量较低,而且在蚀变过程中,它们保持相对稳定,且晶形完好,释放的铀量少;部分蚀变锆石出现相反情况,其铀含量不降反升。研究还表明,富铀副矿物受热液作用越强,即距热液活动中心越近,铀含量的降低越明显,释放的铀就越多,从而为铀矿床的形成提供了丰富的铀源。     

In situ Sr isotopic analyses of epidote: tracing the sources of multi-stage fluids in ultrahigh-pressure eclogite (Ganghe,Dabie terrane)

This study presents in situ strontium (Sr) isotope and Sr content data on multi-stage epidote crystals from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogites and omphacite–epidote veins therein at Ganghe (Dabie terrane, China), determined using LA-MC-ICP-MS. The Ganghe eclogites occur as lenses in mainly leucocratic UHP gneisses, and therefore, our data provide insights into the origin, composition, and transport scale of the discrete multi-stage fluids in UHP eclogites during the subduction and exhumation of a continental crust. Four textural types of epidote that record compositional and isotopic signatures of fluid at various metamorphic P–T conditions have been distinguished based on petrographic observations and compositional analyses. They are (1) fine-grained high-pressure (HP) epidote inclusions (Ep-In) in omphacite that define the earliest stage of epidote formation in the eclogite; (2) coarse-grained UHP epidote porphyroblasts (Ep-P) that contain omphacite with Ep-In inclusions in the eclogite; (3) fine-grained HP epidote in omphacite–epidote veins (Ep-V) as well as (4) the latest-stage epidote in disseminated amphibolite-facies veinlets (Ep-A), which crosscut the Ep-P or matrix minerals in the eclogite and HP vein. Both Ep-P and Ep-V crystals exhibit significant and complex chemical zonations with respect to the X_Fe (= Fe/(Fe + Al)) ratio and Sr content. In contrast to the varying Sr contents, Ep-In, Ep-P, and Ep-V have similar and narrow ranges of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (from 0.70692 to 0.70720 for Ep-In, from 0.70698 to 0.70721 for Ep-P, and from 0.70668 to 0.70723 for Ep-V), which are significantly different from those in Ep-A (from 0.70894 to 0.71172). The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of Ep-A is closer in value to the initial Sr isotopic composition of the gneisses (from 0.710790 to 0.712069) which enclose the UHP eclogite. These data indicate different sources of the eclogite-facies fluids and retrograde amphibolite-facies fluid in the Ganghe eclogites. The HP–UHP fluids responsible for the large amounts of hydrous minerals in the eclogites were internally derived and buffered. The omphacite–epidote veins were precipitated from the channelized solute-rich HP–UHP fluids released from the host eclogite. However, hydrated amphibolite-facies metamorphism during exhumation was mainly initiated by the low-Sr and high-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr external fluid, which infiltrated into the eclogite from the surrounding gneisses. The eclogite-facies fluids in the Ganghe eclogites were locally derived, whereas the infiltration of the retrograde amphibolite-facies fluid from the gneisses required a long transport, most likely longer than 80 m. This study highlights that the in situ Sr isotopic analysis of multi-stage epidote can be employed as a powerful geochemical tracer to provide key information regarding the origin and behavior of various-stage subduction-zone metamorphic fluids.     

国家授时中心40米射电望远镜Crab脉冲星周期跃变监测

脉冲星周期跃变是一种罕见的现象,是研究其内部结构的探针。针对2019年2月~12月国家授时中心昊平观测站40 m射电望远镜在脉冲星计时观测中监测Crab脉冲星的数据,采用脉冲星计时方法,用TEMPO2拟合程序进行分析。结果表明,Crab脉冲星在2019年7月23日(MJD 58687)附近发生了一次周期跃变现象,该跃变自转增量为Δv_g=5.33(4)×10^-7Hz,自转变化量为Δv_g/v=17.9(1)×10^-9,并伴随着恢复系数Q~0.88的指数恢复过程。此次Crab脉冲星周期跃变的监测及处理,证实了40 m射电望远镜对脉冲星的监测性能,同时为研究周期跃变的产生机理积累了样本。     

Intracellular and extracellular mineralization of a microbial community in the Edmond deep-sea vent field environment

Microbial biomineralization in submarine hydrothermal environments provides an insight into the formation of vent microfossils and the interactions between microbes, elements and minerals throughout the geological record. Here, we investigate microbial biomineralization of a deep-sea vent community in the Edmond vent field and provide ultrastructural evidence for the formation of microfossils and biogenic iron-rich minerals related to Archaea and Bacteria. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis shows that filamentous and spiral microbes are encrusted by a non-crystalline silica matrix and minor amounts of iron oxides. Examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals acicular iron-rich particles and aggregates that occur either intracellularly or extracellularly. A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrates a diverse range of Bacteria and Archaea, the majority of which are related to sulfur metabolism in the microbial mats. Both Archaea and Bacteria have undergone silicification, in a similar manner to microorganisms in some terrestrial hot springs and indicating that silicification may be driven by silica supersaturation and polymerization. Formation mechanisms of intracellular and extracellular iron oxides associated with microbes are discussed. These results enhance our understanding of microbial mineralization in extreme environments, which may be widespread in the Earth's modern and ancient hydrothermal vent fields.