南秦岭旬阳盆地东部晚泥盆世岩浆成因钠长岩及其构造意义

南秦岭旬阳盆地的钠长岩此前被认为是热水沉积或热液交代作用的产物。本文对南秦岭旬阳盆地东端黄石板地区侵入于下志留统梅子亚组浅变质岩中的钠长岩体进行了地球化学和锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年代学研究,结果表明钠长岩具有富钠贫钾、铝不饱和、亏损大离子亲石元素K和Rb、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Th、Hf)显著富集的地球化学特点,主体属于钙碱性系列岩石,反映幔源成因的特征。钠长岩中获得最年轻的锆石U-Pb年龄为364~376Ma,该年龄代表岩体的形成年龄,反映晚泥盆世时南秦岭旬阳盆地处于强烈的伸展构造环境。此项研究结果表明,在旬阳盆地的志留系中,岩浆成因与热水沉积成因的钠长岩可能是共存的。黄石板岩浆成因钠长岩岩体中含有大量前寒武纪和早古生代的捕获锆石,在捕获锆石中测得迄今为止在研究区及其邻区获得的最古老的锆石U-Pb年龄(3291Ma)。这些捕获锆石的测年数据说明,研究区所在的南秦岭地区可能从古太古代开始就与扬子地块具有明显的亲缘性。     

Biaxial test simulations using a packing of polygonal particles

The mechanical response of cohesionless granular materials under monotonic loading is studied by performing molecular dynamic simulations. The diversity of shapes of soil grains is modelled by using randomly generated convex polygons as granular particles. Results of the biaxial test obtained for dense and loose media show that samples achieve the same void ratio at large strains independent of their initial density state. This limit state resembles the so‐called critical state of soil mechanics, except for some stress fluctuations, which remain for large deformations. These fluctuations are studied at the micro‐mechanical level, by following the evolution of the co‐ordination number, force chains and the fraction of the sliding contacts of the sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flexural isostatic response of the Alps to increased Quaternary erosion recorded by foreland basin remnants,SE France

We test the hypothesis that flexural isostatic compensation of the mass removed by enhanced Quaternary erosion is responsible for uplift of the Western European Alps and their forelands. We use two well‐preserved and well‐dated (1.8 Ma) abandonment surfaces of foreland basin remnants in SE France (the Chambaran and Valensole plateaux) as passive benchmarks for tilting of the foreland. Estimating their initial slope from morphometric scaling relationships, we determine bulk post‐depositional tilting of 0.5–0.8% for these surfaces. The calculated isostatic response of the Alpine lithosphere to erosional unloading, using the method recently proposed by Champagnac et al. [Geology 35 (2007) 195–198] , yields a predicted tilting of 0.3–0.4% in the considered areas, explaining approximately half of the determined post‐depositional tilting. Such long‐term deformation being insensitive to cyclic loading/unloading because of glaciations, we suspect the other half to be related to as yet undetermined long‐wavelength and long‐lived tectonic process(es).     

Methane‐related microbial gypsum calcitization in stromatolites of a marine evaporative setting (Münder Formation,Upper Jurassic,Hils Syncline,north Germany)

Fossil stromatolites may reveal information about their hydrochemical palaeoenvironment, provided that assignment to a specific microbial community and a corresponding biogeochemical mechanism of formation can be made. Tithonian stromatolites of the Münder Formation at Thüste, north Germany, have traditionally been considered as formed by intertidal cyanobacterial communities. However, thin sections of the stromatolites show elongated angular traces of former gypsum crystals in a dense arrangement, but no algal or cyanobacterial filament traces. Moreover, high Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ contents, oxygen‐isotope and sulphur‐isotope ratios of carbonate‐bound sulphates, and sulphurized hydrocarbon biomarkers of the stromatolitic carbonate indicate that CaCO₃ precipitation occurred near the oxic–anoxic interface as a result of intensive bacterial sulphur cycling rather than photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, anaerobic oxidation of methane by Archaea may have driven CaCO₃ precipitation in deeper parts of the biofilm community, as reflected by high concentrations of squalane with a strongly negative δ¹³C in conjunction with evaporite pseudomorphs showing extremely low δ¹³C_Carb ratios. Consequently, the Thüste stromatolites are now interpreted as having initially formed by gypsum impregnation of biofilms. Subsequently, early Mg‐calcitic calcitization within the biofilms occurred because of combined bacterial iron, manganese and sulphate reduction, with an increasing contribution of anaerobic oxidation of methane with depth. This model plausibly explains the prominent preservation of signals derived from oxygen‐independent metabolic pathways, whereas virtually no geochemical record exists for an aerobic community that may, nevertheless, have prevailed at the stromatolite surface. Photic‐zone stromatolites with a prominent signal of anaerobic oxidation of methane may be common in, and indicative of, oxygen‐depleted sulphate‐bearing environments with high rates of methane production, conditions that possibly were fulfilled at the Archaean to Proterozoic transition.     

水下收缩裂隙形成过程及裂缝充填模式研究

通过野外实地考察测试,对水下收缩裂隙整体形成过程、裂隙内充填物沉积模式、影响因素等进行了详细讨论,并且建立了相应的地质理论模型。水下收缩裂隙的形成共分4个阶段,依次为:泥水混合物进入低洼地带的初始混浊状态;沉积压实稳定阶段;水位线下降,盐度增大,裂隙形成阶段;沉积裂隙充填阶段。其中“异常高压作用”,对于初始裂隙的形成、沉积物孔隙水的有效排出以及主要渗流通道的发育起到了重要作用。单一泥质地层裂隙内充填物沉积模式与沙泥互层的多旋回地层略有差异,主要表现为沙层的润滑作用以及对早期裂隙内充填物类型的影响。上述两种地层裂隙内充填物沉积特征均与后期充注期次相对应,表现出很好的韵律性。裂隙纵剖面中生物发育层的出现,对裂隙内充填物的物理、化学性质将产生重要影响。     

多沙河流造床流量研究

在综述和分析前人有关造床流量研究成果的基础上,根据多沙河流的特点,提出了一种适用于多沙河流造床流量计算的水沙综合频率法.通过黄河、永定河水沙资料的分析,结果比较合理.     

歧口凹陷歧南低斜坡沙三段物源体系及聚砂规律

物源问题一度成为制约歧口凹陷歧南低斜坡沙三段油气勘探的焦点。在综合分析沉积期古地貌及沟谷展布特征、地震属性特征、碎屑颗粒组分、重矿物组合特征、砂体展布特征等资料基础上,探讨歧南低斜坡沙三段沉积时期物源体系特征及分布。结果表明:歧南低斜坡沙三段存在3大物源体系,其中,西部歧南水道物源体系延伸距离远,波及范围大,控制了歧南低斜坡沙三段沉积时期砂体的形成与分布。进一步研究表明,古物源与沉积体系具良好的空间配置关系。受歧南水道主物源体系控制,低斜坡发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,砂体分布具"埕宁隆起物源供砂,歧南水道沟槽输砂,物源体系-坡折带联合控砂"的内在机制。物源方向的确定对研究沉积体系展布、砂体分布及有利勘探区预测具重要意义。     

浙中后山店花岗斑岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石Hf同位素及其地质意义

针对浙中地区后山店花岗斑岩体进行高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和锆石Lu-Hf同位素的测定。测年结果显示其加权平均年龄值为148.5 Ma±1.2 Ma(MSWD=1.4),说明浙中地区有晚侏罗世侵入岩的存在,属于燕山早期晚阶段岩浆活动的产物,其成岩时代可能代表了古太平洋构造域下的板内岩浆活动和陆缘弧间的过渡阶段。锆石的εHf(t)值为-10.3~-3.5,均为负值,二阶段模式年龄tHf2(Ma)变化范围主要集中于1 400 Ma~1 829 Ma之间,反映其物质来源可能为中元古代下地壳基底物质,并在成岩过程中有幔源组分的参与。     

测老庙坳陷早白垩世巴音戈壁组叠锥构造特征及其环境解释

为了全面了解测老庙坳陷早白垩世叠锥构造的沉积特征,并探讨其成因及形成环境等问题,运用野外露头实测、光薄片观察、X射线衍射分析、阴极发光照相、扫描电镜照相等方法,发现叠锥构造发育于钙质结核外侧,覆盖所有方向,呈放射状,直圆锥锥顶指向结核中心;叠锥矿物成分主要为纤维状低镁方解石,纤维状方解石呈锥形套叠,具波状消光;阴极发光显微镜下呈均一的棕红色,不具微量元素分异和析出的成岩色带;叠锥结核的发育规模明显受制于原生沉积环境.结果表明叠锥结核的发育具有明显的阶段性;其发育的原生沉积环境应为水深在5~30 m、水体能量较高的滨浅湖沉积环境.推测叠锥构造的形成可能是同沉积期生物沉积作用和胶结作用,以及后期上覆岩层静压力共同作用的结果.