青藏高原—季风水汽输送“大三角扇型”影响域特征与中国区域旱涝异常的关系

文中分析了南亚季风水汽输送关键区“大三角扇型”区域特征 ,即该区域以高原地区为顶端 ,南海季风与印度季风涉及的低纬活动源区为“底边”构成了类似“大三角扇型”的南亚季风水循环相关影响域 ,此“大三角扇型”水汽输送特征分布描述了副热带高压环流以及中纬度扰动等亚洲季风系统成员的总体动力影响效应 ;反映了该区域南半球跨赤道气流 ,赤道西太平洋季风槽及季风活动等水份循环特征。表现了东亚海陆热力强迫、青藏高原非绝热效应、海洋“暖池”及异常孟加拉湾对流活动等诸因素的综合影响。研究表明 ,大三角区域热源强信号源 (高原地 气与孟加拉湾、菲律宾、南海等海 气过程 )区域的水份循环时空演变、遥相关特征及其对亚洲季风爆发的综合影响等均是认识中国及东亚旱、涝异常成因的重要科学问题     

一个降水再循环模型的建立及分析

陆-气相互作用是当今水文科学界和大气科学界共同瞩目的一个前沿课题。为寻求陆-气相互作用的某些信号,在长江流域的主体区域上建立了一个降水再循环模型,并分析了这一区域降水的不同水汽来源。依据再循环降水率这个反映陆面过程对当地气候影响的定量指标,得出了一些很有实际意义的结论。     

THE GENERALIZED LIAPUNOV STABILITY FOR ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS

The stability theory that describes the local stability of atmospheric systems is set up by the generaliz-ed Liapunovian second method on the basis of the nonequilibrium statistical physics. A combinedhydro-thermodynamic stability criterion for the atmosphere is derived in light of the constructedgeneralized Liapunov functional which is suitable to describing the atmospheric system defined by thesystem of partial differential equations, and the concept and criterion of the hydro-thermodynamicstability are first introduced into the atmospheric thermodynamics, thus many ways of atmosphericmotions with the background of macroscopic thermodynamics are explained.     

Evaluating spatial variation of suspended sediment rating curves in the middle Yellow River basin,China

Abstract The suspended sediment load in the middle Yellow River basin (YRB) cannot be well predicted by capacity‐based transport formulas because a large fraction of suspended sediment load is composed of wash load. This study evaluated the spatial variations of sediment rating curves (SRCs) in the middle YRB. Both power and linear SRCs were used to fit daily flow and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) historical data at 49 gauging stations throughout the middle YRB. The spatial variation in regression coefficients was investigated, and the relationship between regression coefficients and the physical characteristics of watersheds was discussed. The results indicate that SRC regression coefficients vary with drainage area and basin slope, but their responses to these parameters are remarkably different in watersheds with different underlying surfaces, which indicates the significance of sediment availability, erodibility, and grain size distribution. For power SRCs representing sediment transport in unsaturated flows, the regression coefficients are more closely correlated with the drainage area in loess regions and with the basin slope in rock mountain regions. For linear SRCs representing sediment transport in saturated flows, saturated SSCs vary with coarse (particle size > 0.05 mm) and fine (particle size < 0.01 mm) fractions in suspended sediment. The maximum saturated SSC among the different gauging stations is associated with the optimal grain size composition of suspended sediment, which has been proposed for loess regions in previous studies. This study provides theoretical support for estimating the regression parameters for sediment transport modelling, especially in ungauged basins.     

基于GIS、RS的黄土高原USLE模型改进方法

结合地理信息系统技术、遥感技术,探讨美国通用土壤流失方程（USLE）在我国黄土高原土壤侵蚀产沙模型应用中的改进方法。USLE属于因子分析模型,由于USLE考虑因素全面,因子具有物理意义,形式简单,所用资料广泛,统一了土壤侵蚀模型形式,故在全世界得到了广泛应用。但是我国黄土高原地区土壤流失严重,影响流失的因素极其多样,使得USLE模型不能很好的应用于该地特殊的地理条件。基于此,采用GIS方法探讨USLE模型在黄土高原改进方法问题。     

辽东湾中北部浅层埋藏古河道沉积特征及对海上工程的影响

以大量钻孔资料总结出辽东湾中、北部全新世8.5kaB.P.以采沉积了第一海相层,与下伏盛冰期的陆相层之间构成不整合界面(R1).界面以下的B层中发育大量埋藏古河道.古河道NE向展布,宽20～800m,埋深2～13m,按其埋深位置分成4种古河道,按其充填方式又可分成5种古河道.它们在认识地层古环境、海上施工、海上建筑和防灾减灾上有重要意义.     

遥感影像遗传算法增强处理

遗传算法作为一种智能优化算法,已广泛应用许多学科及工程领域.本文提出了利用遗传算法对遥感影像增强进行空域操作,设计中构造了一种简单且规一化亮度变换函数,并设计遗传算法实现影像的自适应增强.实验结果表明,该算法处理后质量比传统算法要好.     

1998年7月河套气旋强烈发展时的暴雨过程分析

采用位涡理论对1998年7月4—7日的一次河套气旋强烈发展中的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:此次夏季河套气旋的强烈发展是在高层正位涡平流和低层暖平流的共同作用下产生的。高空双急流结构产生的强烈辐散加强了低层辐合，有利于气旋的加强。强降水出现在河套气旋强烈发展过程中，是由高层冷空气与季风涌带来的西南暖湿气流辐合而引起的大尺度降水过程。在这次气旋强烈发展过程中，对流层低层到中上层均出现强的上升气流，使得南方深厚的暖湿空气不断随西南风流入暴雨区上空。暴雨发生时，华北地区处于地面Ω型的θ_se高能舌之中，其上空500 hPa存在一个由大尺度动力强迫形成的东北—西南向的非地转湿 Q 矢量辐合带，对流云带与 Q 矢量辐合中心有非常好的对应关系。     

Progress of the Seasonal Evolution of East Asian Summer Circulation during July-August and Its Linkages with the Subseasonal Processes over the Western North Pacific

Based on the NCAR/NCEP monthly and pentad reanalysis dataset of 1961-2003, the progress of seasonal evolution of the summer atmospheric circulation in the East Asia in July to August, including the advanced and delayed cases, and their relationships with the subseasonal processes over the western North Pacific are analyzed and compared with that of climatology. The results show that the progress of seasonal cycle is advanced about a month ahead of the climatological time when the convection during 20-29 July is active in the region of the subtropical West Pacific (15°-25°N, 150°-165°E), while it is delayed about one month when weaker convections appear in the same region. Instead, the relative active convection for the latter occurs in Pentad 46 (14-18 August). It is proved that the convective activities in the early July in the equatorial central and east Pacific, and then the convective anomalies in the subtropical western North Pacific can excite the formation of the acceleration and delay of the seasonal circulation evolution in the East Asia in the late summer. The preceding subseasonal processes over the western North Pacific, including the time-lag interactions among the active convection in the late June and early July, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone, the underlying sea surface temperature and low-level winds anomalies, and their relationships with the anomalous seasonal evolution of the summer atmospheric circulation in the East Asia in late July are also investigated. However, further study, especially the numerical experiments, is needed on the mechanism of the anomaly summer seasonal cycle in the East Asia and the Northwest Pacific.     

世界大洋表层水中的210Pb

本工作获得了西太平洋,东印度洋和南大西洋15个站位表层水中的溶解态210Pb和颗粒态210Pb的浓度.溶解态210Pb的浓度范围为西太平洋0.71～3.80Bq/m3;东印度洋0.42～2.15Bq/m3;南大西洋0.97～1.78Bq/m3.210Pb最大值3.80Bq/m3是在27°18′N,125°40′E(北太平洋)测得的,而最小值0.42Bq/m3是在远离澳大利亚西岸的25°18′S,111°38′E(东印度洋)测得的.在26°56′S,166°07′E(南太平洋)观测到颗粒态210Pb浓度的最大值0.35Bq/m3,而在东南印度洋颗粒态210Pb的浓度都小于0.03Bq/m3.表层水中溶解态210Pb含量一般呈现出地理性变化,其随纬度的变化与文献报道的结果很相符.