堆积的地球及其初始不均一性

从天体化学和地球科学的研究成果出发，认为地球是在一较窄的类地行星区域内，主要由硅酸盐质星子随机吸积而成。在星子形成之前，初始太阳星云已经历了挥发性元素的强烈亏损事件，同时也已发生了硫化物、金属和硅酸盐成分之间的分馏作用，随着行星的形成，行星内部的分馏作用将会持续进行。在形成地球的独立吸积区内，混合作用不彻底，星子群之间的化学成分不均一，因此，构成地球的将是一套具有各自独立化学成分组成的星子群，而不同于地球上现已发现的任何陨石或者它们的组合。     

BASIN-RANGE SYSTEM EVOLUTION OF QINLING-DABIE OROGENIC BELT AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT

As the structural body related to temporal-spatial evolution and tectonic dynamic system, the orogenic belt and basin are not only dependent on each other in space but also closely related with each other in terms of infrastructure, matter transference and dynamic mechanisms. By using apatite fission-track method, the authors firstly analyze the uplift and denudation ratios of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, and by using tectonically detbrmed combination analysis and tectonic-thermal simulation the main geological occurrences are also illustrated. It is found that there must have had multi-phase differential uplift and denudation phenomena in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. Then, the regional evolution pattern of qualitative and quantitative denudation process is obtained during the post-orogenic period. On the basis of summarizing evolution process of the basin-range system in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic and its effects on regional environ     

喀斯特石漠化的形成背景、演化与治理

喀斯特石漠化是青藏高原隆升在其东南翼所诱发的重要地质生态灾害问题,是制约中国西南地区社会经济发展的关键因素.它不是一种纯自然过程,而是与人类活动密切相关,不仅造成土地资源丧失,干旱缺水,生态系统退化,而且使该区的贫困问题加剧,具有明显的自然和社会学属性.本文着重从地质和生态的角度,阐述喀斯特石漠化的形成特点和演化方式,及其对综合治理的指导意义.对西南岩溶山地而言,土壤和植被是生态环境中最为敏感的自然环境要素,与非岩溶区相比,具有明显的脆弱特征.它们在干扰下发生迅速演替,诱发地表水文条件的改变,导致石漠化的形成.文中特别强调岩溶山区碳酸盐岩基底岩性的不同、生态环境类型与植被演替的方式和进程的多样性对于岩溶生态系统的影响作用.基于上述认识,对石漠化地区的土地利用方式和生态恢复过程以及可能发展的方向提出了一些建议和看法.     

Sedimentary and Geochemical Characteristics of Sinian Cap Carbonates in the Upper Yangtze Region

A global-scale glaciation occurred at about 600 Ma ago. As a result, the Earth became the “Snowball Earth“. The glaciation came to the end abruptly when atmospheric carbon dioxide increased to such an extent as to be about 350 times the modem level because of subaerial volcanic degassing. The rapid termination of glaciation would have led to warming of the Snowball Earth and extreme greenhouse conditions would have been created. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to oceans would give rise to the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface seawaters, thus forming the cap carbonate rocks as observed worldwide today. Regionally persisting, thin layers of carbonate rocks directly and ubiquitously overlie Proterozoic glacial deposits almost on every continent, and are commonly referred to as cap carbonates. Their unusual litho- fabrics, stratigraphically abrupt basal and upper-level contacts and strongly negative carbonate isotopic signatures ( δ ^13Cearb. values range from -7.0‰ —0‰) suggest a chemical oceanographic origin, the details of which remain unknown. It is proposed that these enigmatic deposits are related to the destabilization of gaseous hydrate in terrestrial permafrost following rapid postglacial warming and flooding of widely exposed continental shelves and internal basins. The authors carried out studies on the geochemistry, sedimentology and palacontology of the Sinian cap carbonates in Guizhou and Hunan provinces, including the occurrence of cap carbonates of unusual fabrics, strongly negative carbon isotopic signatures, and a lot of bitumen nodules.From the results it is suggested that the cap carbonates were formed from solid methane seepage, and it is in agreement with Kennedy‘‘ s viewpoint (2001) that the cap carbonates resulted from the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in response to solid methane seepage.     

贵州岩溶地区岩性与土地石漠化的 相关分析

在构筑1：50万贵州岩溶地区岩石组合类型分布图的基础上，以GIS为分析手段，对贵州省石漠化分布图和地层岩性图进行了空间分析，探讨了各类岩性与不同级别石漠化之间的相关关系。石漠化与岩性具有明显的相关性，强度石漠化主要分布在纯质碳酸盐岩地区，尤其是纯质灰岩地区；中度石漠化在白云岩组合中的比例较灰岩组合中高；轻度石漠化在碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩夹层和互层中分布较广；石漠化与纯碳酸盐岩相关关系最明显。     

Net water vapour exchange over a mixed needle and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain during autumn

Water vapour and CO2 fluxes were measured by the eddy-covariance technique above a mixed needle and broad-leaved forest with affiliated meteorological measurements in Changbai Mountain as part of China's FLUX projects since late August in 2002. Net water vapour exchange and environmental control over the forest were examined from September 1 to October 31 in 2002. To quantify the seasonal dynamics, the transition period was separated into leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages according to the development of leaf area. The results showed that (a) seasonal variation of water vapour exchange was mainly controlled by net radiation (Rn) which could account for 78.5%, 63.4% and 56.6% for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages, respectively, while other environmental factors' effects varied evidently; (b) magnitude of water vapour flux decreased remarkably during autumn and daily mean of water vapour exchange was 24.2 mg m-2 s-1 (100%), 14.8 mg m-2 s-1 (61.2%) and 10.3 mg m-2 s-1 (42.6%) for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stage, respectively; and (c) the budget of water vapour exchange during autumn was estimated to be 87.1 kg H2O m-2, with a mean of 1427.2 g H2O d-1 varying markedly from 3104.0 to 227.5 g H2O m-2 d-1.     

北太湖沉积岩芯中有机氯农药HCH和DDT残留垂直分布特征及沉积环境意义

为了探讨有机氯农药HCH和DDT残留在湖泊沉积物中的赋存和演化过程,并利用其特有的时间标尺特征分析近现代在人类活动干扰下的湖泊沉积过程,2006年在太湖的竺山湾、梅梁湾利用重力采样器分别采集湖泊沉积岩芯ZS和ML,按1cm间隔分样。测定了两孔岩芯20cm深度以上的HCHs（六六六类）和DDTs（滴滴涕类）残留量,结合测年资料分析了两孔岩芯中近50年来HCHs和DDTs垂直分布特征及沉积环境意义。研究结果表明,竺山湾岩芯ZS中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为0.22～9.70ng/g和0.32～12.34ng/g;梅梁湾岩芯ML中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为0.18～11.02ng/g和0.52～13.44ng/g。尽管两孔岩芯中HCHs和DDTs的残留量不同,但指示的沉积时间一致:在20世纪50年代中期以后岩芯中HCHs和DDTs残留量均明显增加,在20世纪70年代末出现峰值,这与太湖流域有机氯农药HCH和DDT使用的历史相一致,岩芯ZS中HCHs和DDTs残留量以及岩芯ML中HCHs残留量在80年代初以后逐渐降低,这与有机氯农药HCH和DDT在1983年禁止使用的时间相对应。但在岩芯ML中20世纪90年代以后DDTs残留量又明显增加,显示有新的输入源,可能与90年代以来无锡、常州快速发展的"小化工、小农药"排污进入梅梁湾有关。研究结果同时还表明太湖沉积物中的HCHs和DDTs残留量在沉积岩芯上的变化序列可以作为指示太湖沉积过程的时间标尺,对太湖沉积环境变化的研究具有重要意义。     

云南星云湖沉积物正构烷烃记录的近代环境变化

为探讨气候变化与人类活动对湖泊环境影响在湖泊沉积中的记录,在云南星云湖水深8.2m处采集1支85cm长的柱状沉积岩芯,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对沉积岩芯中的类脂物分子进行分析,揭示了近160年以来星云湖地区环境演变过程。分析结果表明沉积岩芯中的正构烷烃碳数分布C15～C35呈有规律变化:85～60cm深度表现为低碳数相对优势,60～32cm逐步变为以高碳数为优势,32～10cm高碳数较前阶段降低,10～0cm深度低碳数显现明显优势。同时,平均碳链长度（ACL）、高碳数同系物与低碳数同系物比值（H/L）以及C27/C31等结果还揭示出:近160年来湖泊沉积中有机物输入经历了内源低碳（1920s前）、外源高碳（1920s～1980s初）和内源低碳（1980s初～2004年）为优势的演变过程;在人类活动干扰较小状况下,H/L变化与气候的冷暖变化具有显著的对应关系,即H/L低值段明显对应于气候的相对寒冷期,H/L高值段明显对应于气候的温暖期。在1990年代以后,尽管气候持续变暖,但由于人类活动影响加剧,湖泊富营养化快速发展,H/L值却随之急剧降低,反映出沉积岩芯中的类脂物可敏感记录人类活动对湖泊环境变化的影响。     

Bias-corrected rational polynomial coefficients for high accuracy geo-positioning of QuickBird stereo imagery

The rational function model (RFM) is widely used as an alternative to physical sensor models for 3D ground point determination with high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI). However, owing to the sensor orientation bias inherent in the vendor-provided rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs), the geo-positioning accuracy obtained from these RPCs is limited. In this paper, the performances of two schemes for orientation bias correction (i.e., RPCs modification and RPCs regeneration) is presented based on one separate-orbit QuickBird stereo image pair in Shanghai, and four cases for bias correction, including shift bias correction, shift and drift bias correction, affine model bias correction and second-order polynomial bias correction, are examined. A 2-step least squares adjustment method is adopted for correction parameter estimation with a comparison with the RPC bundle adjustment method. The experiment results demonstrate that in general the accuracy of the 2-step least squares adjustment method is almost identical to that of the RPC bundle adjustment method. With the shift bias correction method and minimal 1 ground control point (GCP), the modified RPCs improve the accuracy from the original 23 m to 3 m in planimetry and 17 m to 4 m in height. With the shift and drift bias correction method, the regenerated RPCs achieve a further improved positioning accuracy of 0.6 m in planimetry and 1 m in height with minimal 2 well-distributed GCPs. The affine model bias correction yields a geo-positioning accuracy of better than 0.5 m in planimetry and 1 m in height with 3 well-positioned GCPs. Further tests with the second-order polynomial bias correction model indicate the existence of potential high-order error signals in the vendor-provided RPCs, and on condition that an adequate redundancy in GCP number is available, an accuracy of 0.4 m in planimetry and 0.8 m in height is attainable.     

重庆喀斯特地区土地覆被类型对土壤特征的影响

1 Introduction The karst region of Southwest China, with Guizhou Province as the center, extends across Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Hunan Province, Hubei Province, and Guangdong Province, coveri…