Assessment of groundwater quality with special reference to arsenic in Nawalparasi district,Nepal using multivariate statistical techniques

Groundwater is a precious resource for humankind not only in Nepal but also across the globe due to its diverse functions. A total of 48 groundwater samples were collected from three villages of Nawalparasi district, Nepal, during pre-monsoon and monsoon to estimate the overall groundwater quality and to identify the sources of contamination with emphasis on arsenic (As). The average concentrations of all tested groundwater quality parameters (temp., pH, EC, ORP, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, F^?,SO₄ ^2?, PO₄ ^3?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr, and As) were well within permissible limits of WHO for drinking water, except for Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As. Concentration of As ranged from 60 to 3,100 μg L^?1 and 155 to 1,338 μg L^?1 in pre-monsoon and monsoon, respectively. The Piper diagram of the groundwater chemistry showed groundwater of Nawalparasi belongs to Ca–Mg–HCO₃ and Mg–HCO₃ water type with HCO₃ ^? as dominant ions. As content in the study area was negatively correlated with Fe in pre-monsoon, while it was positively correlated in monsoon. Furthermore, As was negatively correlated with oxidation reduction potential suggesting reducing condition of groundwater. Principal component analysis revealed seven major factors that explained 81.996 and 83.763 % of total variance in water quality in pre-monsoon and monsoon, respectively. The variance of water quality was related mainly with the degree of water–rock interaction, mineralization, and anthropogenic inputs.     

水分胁迫对绿洲影响的数值模拟

运用耦合了包含土壤-植被-水文参数化陆面过程的非静力平衡中尺度大气模式MM5,将水平分辨率提高到1km,通过数值模拟的方式,分别从地气间水热交换、对绿洲小气候影响、土壤湿度变化以及径流量的角度,研究了2002年7月下旬我国西北干旱区绿洲环境在不同水量滴灌条件下的变化,从理论上找到了较适宜绿洲小气候维持的滴灌水量。结果表明：1、绿洲下垫面为农田时,从土壤保湿和绿洲小气候维持角度考虑,500m^3／hm^2／10天的滴灌水量对7月下旬黑河流域中游绿洲是一个比较合适的灌溉量。2、500m^3/hm^2／10天的灌溉水量仅为同期大水漫灌定额下限的一半,上限的1／3,间接证明了滴灌是一种高效节水的灌溉方式,可以为干旱区节约大量水资源。     

CORS系统在二调中的可靠性研究

针对CORS系统精度能否满足二调城镇地籍控制测量要求的问题,结合当前国内外CORS的研究状况,就其定位精度的可靠性进行了研究,详细阐述了其可靠性控制方法理论,并依托桂林市二调地籍控制测量项目,论证了CORS系统的内符合与外符合精度。实践证明,CORS系统应用于二调地籍图根控制测量是完全可靠的。     

山岳旅游地生态服务价值时空分异及其与环境因子关系——以武夷山风景名胜区为例

以山岳型旅游地武夷山风景名胜区为例,估算了风景区景观生态服务价值,分析1986年、1997年、2009年风景区景观生态服务价值时空变化特征,并运用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法对生态服务价值与环境因子的关系进行了探讨,以期揭示风景区景观生态服务价值与环境因子间的作用规律。结果表明:1.武夷山风景名胜区景观类型单位面积生态服务价值最高为水体(9 3707元/(hm2.a)),最低为裸地(354元/(hm2.a)),建设用地价值(12 000元/(hm2.a))仅高于裸地、农田、灌草等景观类型,杉木林、马尾松林、竹林、阔叶林等森林景观服务价值相差不大;2.风景区内景观生态服务价值在1986—1997年间服务价值有较大损失,在1997—2009年间得到一定程度弥补,但1986-2009年间景观生态服务价值变化呈亏损趋势,植被景观类型向建设用地的转变导致景观生态服务价值的降低;3.风景区内景观类型生态服务价值与环境因子(坡向除外)间呈现中等相关性,其中,郁闭度与生态服务价值相关系数最高(0.7**),环境因子中蓄积量与郁闭度相关系数最高(0.86**);4.植被景观生态服务价拟合结果(R2=0.7524,p<0.0001)值优于非植被景观(R2=0.5370,p<0.0001),拟合效果能较好地揭示景观类型生态服务价值与环境因子间的数量关系。     

1979年东亚地区的夏季风环流特征及其与降水的关系

本文用1979年5—8月份美国华盛顿发布的格点风资料(5°×5°网格)、卫星云图、中央气象局出版的《中国高空气象》、历史天气图等资料计算了低纬地区(30°N—10°S)逐日110°E115°E、120°E三个经度上的平均经圈环流。按其环流的主要特征和性质分为三类,然后用合成分析的方法求出各类的平均环流。并分析了其平均垂直环流和水平环流及降水分布,在此基础上概括出各类三维环流图象及其与降水的关系。这些环流型,较好地反映了东亚夏季风环流的季节特征和环流特征。      

基于MVO优化神经网络的GNSS高程异常拟合方法

针对普通神经网络的梯度消失和易陷入局部极值的问题,提出一种基于多元宇宙优化算法(multi-verse optimizer, MVO)的BP神经网络优化方法(MVO-BP),利用MVO全局寻优的特性求取BP神经网络各层之间可靠的神经元阈值与连接权,从而使神经网络预测模型具备更高的预测精度。建立基于MVO-BP算法的GNSS高程异常拟合预测模型,并采用实际工程中少量高程异常数据进行算法可行性检验。结果表明,相较于常规的BP神经网络法及多面函数法,MVO-BP法精度更高、适用性更强,可为实际工程测量中正常高的求取提供参考。     

黄河源积雪期土壤温湿及冻融特征分析与模拟

利用2017~2018年黄河源地区野外观测站数据,对黄河源区两个积雪期内土壤温湿及冻融特征进行了分析,并与CLM4.5模式模拟的积雪期土壤温、湿度及辐射分量进行了对比,结果表明：CLM4.5能很好地模拟出整个积雪期土壤温度的变化趋势;对不同土壤层在不同冻结阶段土壤含水量的模拟有所差异：在完全冻结阶段,对5cm土壤层含水量模拟偏高,而80cm偏低,对10~40cm土壤层含水量的模拟偏差较小;由于降雪及土壤冻融过程主要发生在积雪期,积雪反照率使得净辐射模拟在降雪时段偏差较无降雪时段略大。     

多环芳烃在城市湖泊气-水界面上的交换

利用大流量采样器和半渗透膜装置对广州麓湖大气中气态多环芳烃和水体中溶解态多环芳烃进行了连续一年的观测,在此数据基础上,依据国内外通用的双膜理论计算了多环芳烃在广州麓湖水面上的交换通量.结果显示萘、苊、二氢苊的交换通量方向是由湖水挥发进入大气,其它主要化合物都是从大气进入水体;在单个化合物的交换通量中,以菲的通量值为最大,平均达13137.1ng/(m2·d),最高达到21211.22ng/(m2·d),其次为萘、荧蒽、蒽、芘、芴、二氢苊和苊等.各化合物交换通量的季节变化特点大部分都是在夏季达到最大值,在冬季交换通量降到最小值,但唯一例外的是芴,其交换通量却是在夏季降到最低值.     

Rhythmic Layering in the Apatite (-Magnetite) Deposit in the Fanshan Complex, North China

Abstract. The Fanshan complex consists of three (First- to Third-) Phases of intrusion. The First-Phase Intrusive is composed of rhythmic layers. The Fanshan apatite (-magnetite) deposit is situated near the top of no. 6 rhythmic Unit of the First-Phase Intrusive. Two sketch maps were drawn through the deposit along no. 25 cross-cut on 425 mL and no. 1 crosscut on 491 mL in the Fanshan mine. Through this mapping, a small-scaled rhythmic layering (called sub-rhythmic layering) was newly found. The sub-rhythmic layering consists of five typical rocks: biotite clinopyroxenite, biotite rock, biotite-apatite rock, alternation biotite-apatite rock and apatite rock. The thickness of layers varies from four millimeters to several meters. Six units of sub-rhythmic layering were distinguished. Each unit consists of biotite clinopyroxenite (or biotite rock and biotite-apatite rock) layer at the bottom and apatite rock layer at the top.
Major element compositions of biotite and clinopyroxene were analyzed. The trends of Mg/(Mg+Fe*+Mn) atomic ratio (Fe*: total iron) of biotite and clinopyroxene indicate that the magma evolved markedly from relatively magnesian bottom layer to less magnesian top layer in each sub-rhythmic unit. A general trend, however, through the whole sub-rhythmic layering sequence shows that the both minerals become relatively magnesian upwards. The hypotheses of liquid immiscibili-ty, gravitational settling and magma mixing are against with the results obtained in the present study. This study suggests that the apatite (-magnetite) deposit is formed through fractional crystallization process.     

Numerical simulation of the critical scale of oasis maintenance and development in the arid regions of Northwest China

Oasis is a special geographic landscape among the vast desert/Gobi in Northwest China (NWC). The surface sensitive heat flux and latent heat flux at Zhangye Oasis during 1 to 11 August 1991 are simulated using the NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 Version 3. The horizontal grid resolution is set as 1km. By comparing the simulation results with HEIFE observations, it is proved that the model can be used to simulate the surface energy and water mass exchange of arid and semiarid regions in NWC.Based on the above results, the influence of different oasis scales on the local atmospheric field near the ground surface, and the critical scale of oasis maintenance, in NWC are studied dynamically. The following conclusion is obtained: the local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert/Gobi is formed in the oasis downstream if the oasis scale is larger than 4 km. This local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert adjacent to the oasis helps to conserve water vapor over the oasis. At the sametime, it transfers the abundant water vapor from the oasis into the desert/Gobi near to the oasis to supply relatively plentiful water vapor for desert crops to grow on the fringe of the oasis. So, it is advantageous for oasis extension. However, if the scale of the oasis is smaller than 4 km, it is not easy for the local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert/Gobi to take shape. This study provides a new standpoint for oasis maintenance and development.