Growth performance of larval and juvenile manila clam (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis>) from divergently selected individuals of a full-sib family

In this study, the method of divergent selection was employed to test the larval and juvenile growth performance within a full-sib family of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The 10% largest and 10% smallest clam individuals (on the basis of shell length) of a full-sib family were selected as parents for the fast and slow growing lines, respectively. The difference in shell length was significant among the three lines (fast, control, and slow) tested. The sequence of shell length were fast line > control line > slow line. The responses to selection, realized heritability, and genetic gain were 0.06%–0.81%, 0.04%–0.47% and 0.58%–18.89% in the fast direction, respectively; and were 0.14%–1.27%, 0.08%–0.73%, and 0.31%–49.03% in the slow direction, respectively. The results suggested that there was a large portion of additive genetic variance affecting the growth in the full-sib family. Selection in the fast direction within the full-sib family would greatly improve the growth of R. philippinarum.     

脆性岩石侧向变形特征及损伤机理研究

进行了三峡花岗岩常规三轴压缩、保持轴向应变和保持轴向应力的卸围压试验,研究了脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下的侧向变形特征,可见临界侧向应变均稳定在（?0.004 ? 0.000 5）范围内。进一步进行三峡花岗岩的全过程应力-应变曲线和损伤力学分析,发现脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下均以侧向损伤为主,且侧向损伤曲线的形态近似,达到临界破坏状态时损伤值稳定在0.7?0.8左右。最后以侧向损伤变量表征花岗岩脆性破坏过程,建立了基于应变空间的、可以考虑卸荷应力路径的损伤模型和应变型破坏准则。     

环境决策支持系统的设计及其在水质管理中的应用

ＥＤＳＳ（Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）是一处适用于潮汐河网地区水环境管理和决策的软件系统,其主要功能是协助政府部门进行有效和科学的水环境管理。该系统采用地理信息系统、数据管理系统、模型库管理系统和专家系统等先进技术,将环境数据库、水动力与水质模型库、经济优化技术、环境专家以及环境法规有机地集成在一起。文中首先介绍了ＥＤＳＳ的组织方法、设计特征、实现技     

四川大梁子铅锌矿床闪锌矿中镉富集规律及其意义

扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床富集区是我国重要的铅锌矿产资源基地。四川会东大梁子铅锌矿床为区内的典型矿床,矿床具多阶段成因特征,矿物的穿插关系清晰,能准确地识别出矿物的形成顺序。闪锌矿为主要矿石矿物。依据矿物形成顺序,划分出三种具有显著不同标型特征的闪锌矿:黑色闪锌矿     

广州市城市电力消费对气候变化的响应

低纬度地区的城市电力消费对气候变化有较为敏感的响应。该文引入了气候变化对农业产量和能源影响的研究方法, 分别建立了气候变化对电力消费影响强度的动态评估模型和降温度日模型, 对广州市城市电力消费对气候变化的响应作了深入分析。结果表明:广州市城市电力消费量主要受到气温、湿度、风速等气象因子的影响, 其中气温为关键性因子; 综合考虑各气候因子和气候变化的稳定性, 1956—2005年的近50年, 广州市气候变化对城市电力消费影响强度是持续稳定增加的, 正强度出现的概率呈现出增大趋势, 以10%/10a的速度增长; 通过对广州市降温度日的分析可知, 5—10月为主要的降温时期, 其气温的升高对降温度日强度变化影响很大, 达到46.6%/ ℃, 同时, 广州市的降温期长度变率也呈递增趋势, 因此, 气温的升高引发的降温度日的增加对广州市城市电力消费有深刻影响; 在未来气候变暖情景下, 夏季平均最高气温每升高1 ℃, 广州市全年单位工业产值耗电将增加2.02%, 5—10月的平均气温每升高1 ℃, 居民生活用电量的百分比将增加1.25%。在未来, 气候变暖将使城市用电压力有继续增大的趋势。     

土壤热异常影响地表能量平衡的个例分析和数值模拟

The statistical relationship between soil thermal anomaly and short-term climate change is presented based on a typical case study. Furthermore, possible physical mechanisms behind the relationship are revealed through using an off-line land surface model with a reasonable soil thermal forcing at the bottom of the soil layer.In the first experiment, the given heat flux is 5 W m-2 at the bottom of the soil layer (in depth of 6.3 m)for 3 months, while only a positive ground temperature anomaly of 0.06℃ can be found compared to the control run. The anomaly, however, could reach 0.65℃ if the soil thermal conductivity was one order of magnitude larger. It could be even as large as 0.81℃ assuming the heat flux at bottom is 10 W m-2. Meanwhile, an increase of about 10 W m-2 was detected both for heat flux in soil and sensible heat on land surface, which is not neglectable to the short-term climate change. The results show that considerable response in land surface energy budget could be expected when the soil thermal forcing reaches a certain spatial-tem poral scale. Therefore, land surface models should not ignore the upward heat flux from the bottom of the soil layer. Moreover, integration for a longer period of time and coupled land-atmosphere model are also necessary for the better understanding of this issue.     

Threshold velocity for wind erosion: the effects of porous fences

Porous fence is a kind of artificial windbreak that has many practical applications. The threshold wind velocities at different distances downwind from porous fences were measured and the corresponding characteristics of particle movement observed to assess their shelter effect. It is found that the fence’s porosity is the key factor that determines the resulting shelter effect. The area near a fence can be typically classified into five regions, each with a different mode of particle movement. Dense fences, and especially solid fences, favor the accumulation of sand upwind of the fences. Fences with porosities of 0.3–0.4 produce the maximum threshold wind velocity; those with porosities of 0.3–0.6 (depending on the fence height) provide the maximum effective shelter distance. It is confirmed that the fence porosities of 0.3–0.4 that have been proposed for practical application in previous research are the most effective for abating wind erosion.     

黄土高原西部地区黄土地层有机质主要来源分析

黄土有机质的主要来源是决定其稳定碳同位素(δ 13 Corg.)能否应用于重建过去C3/C4相对丰度变化及相应的古气候变化的关键基础科学问题。如若黄土地层当中的有机质主要由粉尘携带而来, 而非当地植被, 显然其δ 13 Corg. 不是一个局地植被过去C3/C4相对丰度变化及古气候变化的良好指示器。本文对黄土高原西部地区(六盘山以西)新获得和已发表的相关数据进行综合分析, 尝试对该地区黄土有机质的主要来源进行定量的分析。结果表明, 总体而言, 该地区黄土地层有机质主要来源于当地植被, 由粉尘携带而来的有机质贡献量不超过8 %, 所造成的有机碳同位素变化幅度不超过1.7 ‰ 。这些结果说明该地区的黄土地层有机质δ 13 Corg. 是可以用来重建过去C3/C4植物相对丰度及相应的古气候变化的。为了更精确的重建, 后续的工作应当更多考虑粉尘搬运过程当中的有机质输入以及粉尘沉积之后的微生物活动的可能潜在影响。     

京津冀夏季强降水下冰云宏微观特征

根据Aqua MODIS 2级云产品和Cloudsat的2级产品资料,结合降水数据和MODIS L1B级辐射率数据,对发生在京津冀地区夏季的三次强降水过程中冰云的宏微观物理量的特征进行分析,并探究这些物理量和降水强度的关系。结果表明：在水平分布中,强降水过程中降水强度高值区内云相为冰云,冰云云顶高度在8~17 km,冰云粒子有效半径、冰云光学厚度、冰水路径分别最高可达60 μm、 150、 5 000 g?m^-2;冰云光学厚度、冰水路径、冰云云顶高度随降水强度增大而增大。在垂直分布中,冰云主要分布在3.5 km以上,发生强降水站点的冰云为深对流云,冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度分别最高可达150 μm、 3 000 mg?m^-3 、 500 L^-1;冰云粒子有效半径高值区存在于云层中下部,且随高度上升而减小,冰云粒子数浓度高值区存在于云层中上部,且随高度上升而增加,冰水含量高值区则存在于云层中部;冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度在9 km以上随降水强度增大而增大。     

近半个世纪来气候变暖背景下黄河流域潜在蒸散量的变化(英文)

According to the meteorological observation data of 72 stations from 1960 to 2010 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River Watershed, China, the long-term variations of potential evapotranspiration, calculated in the modified Penman-Monteith model of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, were presented, as well as the meteorological causes for the decrease of potential evapotranspiration were discussed. Since 1960, temperature has risen significantly and potential evapotranspiration a decreasing trend, which indicated the existence of "Evaporation paradox" in the Huanghe River Watershed. This phenomenon was not consistent spatially or temporally with the increase of temperature, potential evapotranspiration decreased in spring, summer and winter, mainly over most parts of Shanxi and Henan, and some parts of Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi. During the recent half century, the trends of temperature and potential evapotranspiration were negatively correlated at most of the stations, while precipitation and potential evapotranspiration exhibited a contrary trend. Calculated in multiple regressions, the contribution to potential evapotranspiration change of related meteorological factors was discussed, including mean pressure, maximum and minimum temperature, sunshine hours, relative humidity and average wind speed. The decrease of wind speed in the Huanghe River Watershed may be the dominating factor causing potential evapotranspiration decreasing.