龙滩库区蓄水初期水库诱发地震活动分析

龙滩水利枢纽位于广西天峨,是一座典型高坝大库容水库。本文通过对库区及周围的地质构造和蓄水前后地震活动分析,总结了龙滩水库蓄水初期诱发地震的时间、空间和深度分布特征以及蓄水后库区水位变化与地震活动关系,讨论了龙滩库区蓄水初期诱发地震机理。     

鱼粪化石特征对早侏罗世托阿尔期湖泊生态系统的启示:以川东大安寨段为例*

早侏罗世托阿尔期早期大洋缺氧事件(Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event,~183.8 Ma)是一次全球性的多幕式生物—环境事件,其在四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段亦有显示。对采集自川东北地区大安寨段的鱼粪化石进行形态学描述和内含物分析,发现鱼粪化石中含有大量的磷质成分,多为未经消化的鱼骨化石,另有大量介壳类化石与有机质混杂在一起。据露头岩性和显微薄片特征认为: (1)粪化石呈螺旋状,生产该粪化石的鱼类为大型肉食性鱼类,其喜食小型鱼类和软体动物等,推测可能是肺鱼类(角齿鱼);(2)鱼粪化石形成于开放型淡水湖泊中的半深湖—深湖区,其中湖泊表层含氧量丰富,主要由生产者、消费者构成了研究区早侏罗世托阿尔期大型湖泊生态系统,食物链较为复杂,而湖底为水动力条件较弱的还原环境。该研究成果可为早侏罗世托阿尔期大洋缺氧事件在湖泊中的沉积响应及生态影响研究提供依据。     

Large, moderate, small earthquakes and seismic fortification criterion

IntroductionAccordingtoEarthquakeResistanceandDisasterReductionLawforthePeoplesRepublicofChina,twomethodsareadoptedforseismicdesignoftheconstructionprojectsinChina.Forkeyprojectsandtheprojectseasytocauseserioussecondarydisasters,seismicsafetyevaluationsmustbecarriedout.Andbasedontheresults,seismicfortificationstandardsaredeterminedtomakeseismicdesign.Forgeneralindustrialandcivilbuildings,seismicdesignsarecarriedoutaccordingtotheseismicfortificationstandardsstipulatedbyseismiczonationmap(Ch…     

附着基粗糙度等因素与海藻密度的相关性研究

海藻附着基表面粗糙度与孢子附着密度有密切的相关性;已经由许多研究证实。但是海藻苗的密度是否仍然受到附着基粗糙度的影响;还缺乏明确的结论。本文以尼龙和亚克力两种材料作为海藻附着基;悬挂于自然海区中使海藻孢子附着并萌发生长;用以研究附着基表面粗糙度对4种海藻密度的影响。结果显示;多管藻、尾孢藻、点叶藻、硬毛藻这4种海藻;在不具沟槽的光滑面;密度显著低于任何有沟槽的粗糙面;但粗糙度不同的附着基之间比较;对海藻密度的影响并不显著。室内培育的海带苗;在尼龙上的密度与粗糙度成正相关;但是将海带苗移至海上培育后;不再与粗糙度有相关性;可能与其假根状固着器下海后的发育有关。本文还试验了海泥、灭活海泥和低栖硅藻3种沉积物与附着基粗糙度对海藻密度的影响;结果表明;沉积物和附着基粗糙度;以及它们的交互作用对海藻密度的影响;因附着基的材料和海藻种类而有差别。     

Co–rich Mn crusts from the Magellan Seamount cluster: the long journey through time

The Magellan seamounts began forming as large submarine shield volcanoes south of the equator during the Cretaceous. These volcanoes formed as a cluster on the small Pacific plate in a period when tectonic stress was absent. Thermal subsidence of the seafloor led to sinking of these volcanoes and the formation of guyots as the seamounts crossed the equatorial South Pacific (10–0°S) sequentially and ocean surface temperatures became too high for calcareous organisms to survive. Guyot formation was completed between about 59 and 45 Ma and the guyots became phosphatized at about 39–34 and 27–21 Ma. Ferromanganese crusts began formation as proto-crusts on the seamounts and guyots of the Magellan Seamount cluster towards the end of the Cretaceous up to 55 Ma after the formation of the seamounts themselves. The chemical composition of these crusts evolved over time in a series of steps in response to changes in global climate and ocean circulation. The great thickness of these crusts (up to 15–20 cm) reflects their very long period of growth. The high Co contents of the outer parts of the crusts are a consequence of the increasing deep circulation of the ocean and the resulting deepening of the oxygen minimum zone with time. Growth of the Co-rich Mn crusts in the Magellan Seamount cluster can be considered to be the culmination of a long journey through time.     

中国大陆岩石圈等效粘滞系数的计算和讨论

大陆岩石圈的流变结构对岩石圈动力学过程有很大的影响,因此对岩石圈等效粘度的估计是大陆动力学研究中基础和重要的问题。文中对利用实验室流变实验结果估算岩石圈流变结构的计算方法中包含的多种不确定性进行了讨论,包括岩性、温度、应变速率、实验室速率数据外推到地质构造运动速率等因素对等效粘滞系数估算的影响,并以温度和应变速率的新研究成果为基础,对中国大陆地壳和上地幔等效粘滞系数做出了估计。中国中地壳等效粘滞系数一般在1021~1024Pa.s,下地壳等效粘滞系数在1021~1022Pa.s,其中青藏高原下地壳等效粘滞系数较低,约为1019~1020Pa.s;与前人研究认为青藏高原存在柔性下地壳流动的结论吻合。     

Distribution and controlling factors of phytoplankton assemblages in a semi-enclosed bay during spring and summer

The phytoplankton assemblages' patterns and their correlation to environmental factors were studied in Bohai Bay during spring and summer. Two zones, the northern (NWA) and southern (SWA) water area, were identified by cluster analysis based on their physical and chemical properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that more phytoplankton species was found in the SWA with low nutrient concentration, while high phytoplankton abundance occurred in the NWA with high nutrient concentration. The seasonal variability in phytoplankton can be explained by water temperature, nutrient, and hydrodynamic conditions (includes mixing during spring and stratification during summer). Results of redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that silicate (SiO(4)) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were the most important environmental factors influencing the phytoplankton distribution during spring and summer, respectively. Hydrodynamics condition plays a key role in controlling variation of the environmental factors, which determined phytoplankton distribution in Bohai Bay.     

青南高原大气降水变化规律及其对黄河上游地区水资源的影响

利用1959～1997年黄河上游地区降水、流量资料,用EOF、REOF等数理统计方法,分析了黄河上游地区降水与流量之间的关系,并对黄河上游地区的水资源进行了估算。分析得出：龙羊峡年入库流量的丰枯主要与黄河上游地区的年降水量有关,春季流量的丰枯主要与上一年秋季的流量、春季的降水量有关,夏、秋季流量的丰枯主要与同期的降水量有关。     

岩石圈地震前兆异常机制

对于电磁卫星所观测到的地震震前电磁异常现象的机制,即电磁异常如何从岩石圈穿过大气层耦合到电离层及其以上空间,目前仍是尚未解决的问题.本文主要介绍目前大量有关地震岩石圈异常的机制研究,力图从卫星地震电磁异常的源头—岩石圈地震来获得相关认识.岩石圈地震前兆异常包括：地表变形、水位变化、悬浮薄雾、超低频（ULF）电磁异常、山脊或山顶发光闪电、卫星红外图片大范围数度温度异常、磁场高于地磁偶极场的0.5%、电离层等离子体密度变化、动物奇异行为等.人们提出了许多试图解释各种异常现象的假说,如热耦合假说、气泡运移假说、边界位错充电假说、离子空穴运移假说等.本文希望通过对以上各种假说提出的基础、物理机理以及异常现象解释的探讨,促进对岩石圈地震前兆异常现象机理认识,从而为地震电磁异常的正确认识提供更有力的帮助.     

AN EXPERIMENT WITH THE CONSENSUS FORECAST OF TYPHOON TRACK

Obvious results have been achieved in the forecast of typhoon track that is improved with a consensus procedure Forecast experiments were conducted with the analogue model (TSF) and the Markov type model (MTSF)that are widely used and the results show that there has been significant increase in the capability of forecasting with the improvement by the consensus procedure.