Earth Summit Mission 2022: Scientific Expedition and Research on Mt. Qomolangma Helps Reveal the Synergy between Westerly Winds and Monsoon and the Resulting Climatic and Environmental Effects

“Earth summit mission 2022” is one of the landmark scientific research activities of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP). This scientific expedition firstly used advanced technology and methods to detect vertical meteorological elements and produce forecasts for mountain climbing. The “Earth summit mission 2022”Qomolangma scientific expedition exceeded an altitude of over 8000 meters for the first time and carried out a comprehensive scientific investigation missi...     

Modelling the integrated effects of land use and climate change scenarios on forest ecosystem aboveground biomass,a case study in Taihe County of China

Global and regional environmental changes such as land use and climate change have significantly integrated and interactive effects on forest. These integrated effects will undoubtedly alter the distribution, function and succession processes of forest ecosystems. In order to adapt to these changes, it is necessary to understand their individual and integrated effects. In this study, we proposed a framework by using coupling models to gain a better understanding of the complex ecological processes. We combined an agent-based model for land use and land cover change (ABM/LUCC), an ecosystem process model (PnET-II), and a forest dynamic landscape model (LANDIS-II) to simulate the change of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) which was driven by land use and climate change factors for the period of 2010–2050 in Taihe County of southern China, where subtropical coniferous plantations dominate. We conducted a series of land use and climate change scenarios to compare the differences in forest AGB. The results show that: (1) land use, including town expansion, deforestation and forest conversion and climate change are likely to influence forest AGB in the near future in Taihe County. (2) Though climate change will make a good contribution to an increase in forest AGB, land use change can result in a rapid decrease in the forest AGB and play a vital role in the integrated simulation. The forest AGB under the integrated scenario decreased by 53.7% (RCP2.6 + land use), 57.2% (RCP4.5 + land use), and 56.9% (RCP8.5 + land use) by 2050, which is in comparison to the results under separate RCPs without land use disturbance. (3) The framework can offer a coupled method to better understand the complex and interactive ecological processes, which may provide some supports for adapting to land use and climate change, improving and optimizing plantation structure and function, and developing measures for sustainable forest management.     

专题地图制图数据处理系统(MDPS)研究

本文把专题制图数据处理(MDPS)作为一个制图系统,从系统背景、系统原理、系统结构、系统功能和系统特点等方面,论述该系统的基本原理和方法,并用实例检验了系统实用性。     

北京市等时间交通圈的范围、形态与结构特征

不同层次和范围的交通圈是经济社会空间组织的重要依据。本文运用网络分析与成本加权距离集成算法,设计了定量界定交通圈的技术路线。在此基础上,以通勤便捷为目标,提出1小时交通圈内部圈层的划分方法和轨道交通服务指数,据此分析了北京1小时交通圈的内部层次和结构特征;以经济分工协调为目标,基于时空距离与交通方式,划分北京一日交通圈的圈层,并提出交通廊道的界定方法,据此探讨了北京一日交通圈内部各廊道地区的空间范围与经济基础。结果显示：北京市等时间交通圈的形态受高速交通影响较大,具有显著的偏向式延伸特点,并在边缘地带形成少量“岛”;轨道交通对北京市1小时交通圈的支撑力度较弱,未来应加强重点方向的轨道交通建设;根据各廊道的具体情况,京津廊道、京唐廊道是京津冀协同发展的重要载体,京石廊道宜定位为承接北京地区产业转移的重点地区,京承廊道与京张廊道则适宜发展生态型经济。     

利用台站元数据及卫星遥感资料分析影响气温序列均一性的原因

为了减少均一性检测结果的不确定性,提高均一性检测结论的可信度,基于可靠证据探讨影响气温序列均一性的可能原因,用3种均一性检测方法对陕西77个台站月平均气温序列进行检测,同时引入台站元数据及卫星遥感影像数据对其结果进行判别,并分析影响气温序列均一性的原因。结果表明:2种及其以上方法检测出的非均一断点36个(占78%)有台站元数据支持,台站站址迁移、观测仪器变更和日平均计算方法改变造成气温序列非均一断点的百分率分别为66.7%、22.2%和11.1%。利用以气象站为中心的缓冲区内土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)的卫星遥感影像和台站元数据中的图像文件综合分析认为,台站探测环境的变化是影响潼关站气温序列均一性的重要原因。建议将卫星遥感影像作为台站元数据的补充,以便更加直观、客观地定量描述台站探测环境。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷致密砂岩-膏泥岩储盖组合断裂带内部结构及与天然气成藏关系

本文在野外观察描述基础上,系统分析了库车坳陷致密砂岩-膏泥岩储盖组合内断裂变形机制,研究表明:断裂在膏泥岩内变形机制取决于埋藏深度决定的脆塑性,膏泥岩在浅埋条件下处于脆性变形阶段,形成断层泥充填的贯通型断裂,垂向封闭能力很差;膏泥岩在较深埋条件下处于脆-塑性变形阶段,形成涂抹型断裂带,伴随断距增加,涂抹逐渐失去连续性,连续的膏岩涂抹形成有效封闭,一旦失去连续性,油气将穿越盖层垂向散失;膏泥岩在深埋条件下处于塑性变形阶段,膏泥岩限制断裂穿层。因此,塑性膏泥岩和脆-塑性膏泥岩在涂抹连续情况下,能够形成有效封闭。断裂变形时储层已经致密化,抬升作用和储层超压导致断裂变形机制以破裂为主,断层核为断层角砾岩,破碎带发育大量裂缝,为油气垂向运移通道,侧向封闭依靠岩性对接。这种岩性对接封闭导致天然气聚集模式具有3个典型特征:一是天然气紧邻区域性盖层分布,即天然气层之上为区域性盖层;二是区域性盖层与储层对接形成有效封闭,因此天然气主要分布在气源断裂上升盘;三是烃柱高度取决于断距大小,圈闭范围内最小断距决定烃柱高度和气-水界面分布。     

Comparison and modification: TVD schemes for scalar transport on an unstructured grid

In most TVD schemes, the r-factors were proposed according to the cell-centered(CC) finite volume method(FVM) framework for the numerical approximation to the convective term. However, it is questionable whether those r-factors would be appropriate and effective for the vertex-centered(VC) FVM. In the paper, we collected five kinds of r-factor formulae and found out that only three of those, respectively by Bruner(1996), Darwish and Moukalled(2003) and Cassuli and Zanolli(2005) can be formally extended to a context of the VC FVM. Numerical tests indicate that the TVD schemes and r-factors, after being extended and introduced to a context of the VC FVM, maintained their similar characteristics as in a context of the CC FVM. However, when the gradient-based r-factors and the SUPERBEE scheme were applied simultaneously, non-physical oscillations near the sharp step would appear. In the transient case, the oscillations were weaker in a context of the VC FVM than those in a context of the CC FVM, while the effect was reversed in the steady case. To eliminate disadvantages in the gradient-based r-factor formula, a new modification method by limiting values on the virtual node, namely U? in the paper, was validated by the tests to effectively dissipate spurious oscillations.     

超嗜热古菌Palaeococcus pacificus PolB DNA聚合酶和dUTPase在PCR反应中的应用

为了获取具有广泛适用性的DNA聚合酶,将深海热液区获得的超嗜热古菌Palaeococcus pacificus DY20341的Pol B DNA聚合酶和d UTPase进行原核表达和纯化,将得到的Pol B DNA聚合酶及d UTPase混合后用于扩增古菌、细菌和真核生物的基因.通过PCR反应成功地扩增了商业化Pfu DNA聚合酶所不能扩增的Palaeococcus pacificus DY2034的琼脂酶基因.由此可知,尽管商业化的DNA聚合酶多种多样,针对不同扩增目的片段所需的特异DNA聚合酶体系仍然是必要的,这是又一嗜热古菌B家族DNA聚合酶应用的报道.     

区别于DSDP-ODP的深海保压保温天然气水合物钻探取心技术

到目前为止，任何深海天然气水合物原位岩心样品的钻探、取心技术都离不开ODP(大洋钻探计划)或DSDP(深海钻探计划)专用船舶钻探技术，该技术主要通过从工作母船上连接几百到几千米钻杆到海底，实现500—1000m的钻探，再通过不同类型PCS(保压取心器)与PTCS(保压保温取心器)取心工具实现样品采集。重要特点是投入经费巨大。新型保压保温取心钻具是将钻具直接固定在深海海底，实现样品的原位保真采集，针对国内外两类着底式天然气水合物钻探、取心技术进行了分析，对于深海浅表层天然气水合物原位样品采集作业反映了创新的思维、技术模式、设计方案与科学方法