渤海湾盆地干热岩型地热资源有利区位研究

基于沉积盆地型干热岩的基本特征,系统总结了渤海湾盆地干热岩型地热资源选区的地热地质学、地球物理学、地表地热显示、干热岩资源潜力和地质安全性等指标,对渤海湾盆地内主要构造单元干热岩赋存背景进行了分析,建立了适宜于沉积盆地型干热岩勘查选区的评价指标体系。通过层次分析和打分法进行综合评价,结果表明,渤海湾盆地内干热岩勘查的最有利区位为沧县隆起区,次有利区位为济阳坳陷和冀中坳陷,显示厚覆盖盆地内隆起区较坳陷区更为有利,而坳陷区内的次级凸起构造较凹陷构造更为有利。基于上述认识,在有利区位中进一步圈定了沧县隆起、牛驼镇-容城凸起、陈庄凸起和乐亭-昌黎凹陷4个靶区,为渤海湾盆地开展干热岩勘查选址指明了方向。     

A unified constitutive model for unsaturated soil under monotonic and cyclic loading

This study presents a sophisticated elastoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated soil using Bishop-type skeleton stress and degree of saturation as state variables in the framework of critical state soil mechanism. The model is proposed in order to describe the coupled hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soil irrespective of what kind of the loadings or the drainage conditions may be. At the same time, a water retention characteristic curve considering the influence of deformation on degree of saturation is also proposed. In the model, the superloading and subloading concepts are introduced to consider the influences of overconsolidation and structure on deformation and strength of soils. The proposed model only employs nine parameters, among which five parameters are the same as those used in Cam-Clay model. The other four parameters have the clear physical meanings and can be easily determined by conventional soil tests. The capability and accuracy of the proposed model have been validated carefully through a series of laboratory tests such as isotropic loading tests and triaxial monotonic and cyclic compression tests under different mechanical and hydraulic conditions.

     

The influence of the degree of saturation on compaction-grouted soil nails in sand

A series of large-scale model tests was conducted on compaction-grouted soil nails to study the influence of the degree of saturation on the soil response to compaction grouting and pull-out. The experimental results show that the initial degree of saturation of the soil strongly influences the grout injectability, thus the formed diameter of grout bulb. Subsequently, the diameter of the grout bulb alters the pull-out force, with larger grout bulbs generating higher pull-out forces and exhibiting greater hardening behaviour. Interestingly, the initial pull-out forces are the same for the same grouting pressure, regardless of the initial degree of saturation and the subsequently grout bulb. In addition, some of the main factors influencing the pressure grouting and pull-out of the soil nail, as the initial degree of saturation varies, are as follows. First, the variations in the soil pressure and density with the initial degree of saturation are similar to that of the volume of grout injected, and the compression of the soil induced by pressure grouting exhibits a similar evolution with the initial degree of saturation at different locations. Second, the initial degree of saturation of the soil sample plays a dominant role in the change in suction during pressure grouting and pull-out of soil nail. Third, the horizontal soil pressure derived from the pull-out of soil nail propagates closely in the soil sample of lower initial degree of saturation. The vertical soil pressure induced by the vertical soil dilation and squeezing effect varies in accidence with the initial degree of saturation and the grout bulb.

     

基于SIFT特征检测和密度峰值聚类的太阳活动区自动检测算法研究

太阳活动区是太阳大气中产生各种活动现象的区域,精确地检测和识别太阳活动区对理解太阳磁场的形成机制具有极为重要的科学意义.根据太阳活动区结构较为复杂的特点,基于尺度不变特征变换(ScaleInvariant Feature Transform, SIFT)和密度峰值聚类(Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks,DPC)算法的优越性,提出了一种太阳活动区的自动检测和识别方法.首先,对太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamics Observatory, SDO)日震和磁场成像仪(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, HMI)的纵向磁图进行对比度增强;然后采用SIFT方法提取出全日面磁图中的特征点;最后利用DPC算法将特征点进行聚类,从而自动检测和识别出太阳活动区.研究结果表明, SIFT和DPC算法相结合的方法可以在不需要人工交互的情况下准确地自动检测出太阳活动区.     

地震应急指挥系统关键技术和总体设计

地震应急救灾指挥系统是一项复杂的系统工程,工程内容包括计算机软硬件平台、应急响应系统应用软件（灾害评估、应急对策）开发、数据库（专家知识系统）、3S（GIS、GPS、RS）技术应用、网络、通讯、投影、声像、监控、系统总体集成和有关理论研究,以及基建、场地布局、消防、供电、环境（新风、温、湿度）控制、装饰装修等。本文只从宏观的角度,阐述应急系统的关键技术和总体设计。     

新疆春季沙尘天气与前期月环流特征量的关系

用新疆春季(3～5月)的沙尘日数和北半球500hPa月环流特征量等资料,使应用相关和逐步回归分析方法,研究了新疆春季沙尘天气与前一年的月环流特征量的关系,相关分析和统计结果表明：(1)新疆春季的沙尘天气不仅与同在中纬度地区的西风带上的经向环流、东亚槽等有关,还更多地与中低纬地区的副热带高压以及高纬地区的极涡等系统的月环流特征量有关。(2)新疆春季沙尘天气与前一年夏、秋季的大气环流之间存在明显的隔季相关现象。(3)利用前一年月环流特征量建立了新疆春季沙尘天气日数之间的9个回归模型,9个分析模型都通过了0．001信度检验。其中,南疆的3个模型沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘和全疆的扬沙、浮尘模型试报效果最好。     

准噶尔盆地腹部永进地区砂岩储层中碳酸盐胶结物特征及其成因意义

准噶尔盆地腹部永进地区不整合面附近砂岩储层中次生孔隙和碳酸盐胶结物相对发育.通过薄片观察、阴极发光、扫描电镜/能谱分析,认为碳酸盐胶结物是研究区砂岩最主要的胶结物成分,其主要类型为(铁)方解石和铁白云石,垂向上含量随深度增加而增加,多集中分布在白垩系和侏罗系之间的不整合面之下约100 m的范围之内.碳、氧同位素分析以及泥岩中各元素测试结果表明,大气淡水通过永进地区白垩系和侏罗系之间存在的角度不整合对其下伏地层物性作用不明显,晚期含铁碳酸盐胶结物和孔隙发育主要与有机酸关系密切.在有机酸作用下,早期发育的碳酸盐胶结物、长石碎屑颗粒以及粘土矿物为晚期碳酸盐胶结物的发育提供了物质基础,而且溶解的物质在酸性流体作用下运移至不整合面附近重新沉淀,造成高孔隙度和高含量碳酸盐胶结物在深度上具有重叠的特征.由于含铁碳酸盐胶结物形成时代晚而且储层未受到其他建设性成岩作用的明显改造,晚期碳酸盐胶结物含量和面孔率呈互相补偿的关系, 表明了晚期碳酸盐胶结物对储层物性的破坏作用.     

Carbonate cementation-dissolution in deep-seated sandstones near the overpressure top in central Junggar Basin,Xinjiang, NW China

Fluid/rock interaction occurs frequently in the sandstones near the overpressure top in central Junggar Basin, and carbonate cementation-dissolution is related closely to the formation of secondary pores in the reservoir sandstones. From petrological, hydrochemical and fluid-inclusion studies of the deep-seated sandstones near the overpressure top in central Junggar Basin and the carbon and oxygen isotopic characteristics of carbonate cements in those sandstones, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Carbonates are the major cements. Two-stage cemen-tation was commonly developed, with late-stage ferroan carbonate cementation being dominant; several secondary porosity zones were developed vertically in the sandstones near the overpressure top, and there is a mutually com-pensatory relationship between the carbonate contents and the mean porosity; (2) the alkalescent formation-water chemical environments are in favor of carbonate precipitation; (3) there were two phases of thermal fluid activity which are related to the late-stage carbonate cementation-dissolution; (4) with the overpressure top as the boundary, carbonate cements in the sandstones have slightly negative δ13C and δ180 values, showing such a variation trend that the δ13C and δ18O values near the coal-bearing Jurassic strata are lighter, those in the overpressure top are heavier, and those at the upper part of the overpressure top are lighter, which is considered to be the result of kinetic isotope fractionation driven by episodically overpressured fluid flow; (5) carbonate cementation is closely associated with the decarboxylation of organic acids, and secondary porosity zones resultant from dissolution by organic acids and CO2 derived from Jurassic coal-beating strata, are the most important reservoir space of hydrocarbon, Studies of the mechanisms of carbonate cementation-dissolution and formation of secondary pores in the deep-seated sandstones near the overpressure top are of great significance both in theory and in practice in further investigating the rules of overpressured fluid flow (especially oil/gas migration) and predicting the reservoir space of hydrocarbon.     

Variations of Microbial Communities and the Contents and Isotopic Compositions of Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in Soil Samples during Their Preservation

Semi-sealed preservation of soil samples at different moisture of 4% and 23%, respectively, was simulated to observe the variations of soil microbial communities and determine the contents and isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen on the 7th and 30th day, respectively. The results show that during preservation, the quantity of microbial communities tended to increase first and then decrease, with a wider variation range at higher moisture (23%). At the moisture content of 23%, the microbial communities became more active on the 7th day, but less after 30 days, and their activity was stable with little fluctuation at the moisture content of 4%. However, there were no significant changes in the contents and isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen. During preservation, the responses of soil microbes to the environment are more sensitive to changes in the total nitrogen and organic carbon contents. It is thus suggested that the variations of microbial communities have not exerted remarkable impacts on the isotope compositions of the total nitrogen and total organic carbon.     

浦东新区地籍管理信息系统的体系结构及设计特色

地籍信息是城市信息系统的重要组成部分,地籍管理信息系统是数字城市的核心应用系统之一.为了便于进行房地产的统一管理,上海浦东新区建设局利用GIS技术进行地籍管理信息系统的建设和开发,介绍了该系统的建设背景以及系统的体系结构及其设计特色.