磁暴期间高纬顶部电离层离子上行特征——DMSP卫星观测

本文利用DMSP F13和F15卫星观测数据,对2001—2005年58个磁暴(-472 nT≤Min.Dst≤-71 nT)期间高纬顶部电离层离子整体上行特征进行了统计研究.观测表明,磁暴期间,顶部电离层离子上行主要发生在极尖区和夜间极光椭圆区.在北半球,磁正午前,高速的离子上行(≥500 m·s^-1)多集中在65° MLat以上;午后,高速离子上行区向低纬度扩展,上行速度要略高于午前;在南半球,磁午夜前,DMSP卫星在考察区域内几乎所有的纬度上都观测到了高速上行的离子;午夜后,各纬度上观测到上行离子的速度明显降低.离子上行期间,DMSP卫星在极区顶部电离层高度上也频繁地观测到电子/离子增温,且电子增温发生的频率要远高于离子增温.O⁺密度变化分析显示,DMSP卫星磁暴期间观测到的上行离子更多地源于顶部电离层高度.这些结果表明电子增温在驱动暴时电离层离子整体上行过程中起着重要作用.     

Generalized diffraction‐stack migration and filtering of coherent noise

We reformulate the equation of reverse‐time migration so that it can be interpreted as summing data along a series of hyperbola‐like curves, each one representing a different type of event such as a reflection or multiple. This is a generalization of the familiar diffraction‐stack migration algorithm where the migration image at a point is computed by the sum of trace amplitudes along an appropriate hyperbola‐like curve. Instead of summing along the curve associated with the primary reflection, the sum is over all scattering events and so this method is named generalized diffraction‐stack migration. This formulation leads to filters that can be applied to the generalized diffraction‐stack migration operator to mitigate coherent migration artefacts due to, e.g., crosstalk and aliasing. Results with both synthetic and field data show that generalized diffraction‐stack migration images have fewer artefacts than those computed by the standard reverse‐time migration algorithm. The main drawback is that generalized diffraction‐stack migration is much more memory intensive and I/O limited than the standard reverse‐time migration method.     

Semiannual velocity variations around the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake fault zone revealed by ambient noise and ACROSS active source data

We continuously monitor the long-term seismic velocity variation of one of the major ruptured faults of the devastating 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in China from July 2009 to January 2012,jointly using accurately controlled routinely operated signal system active source and seismic noise-based monitoring technique.Our measurements show that the temporal velocity change is not homogeneous and highly localized in the damaged fault zone and the adjacent areas.Velocity variations from the active and passive methods are quite consistent,which both are characterized by ±0.2 % seasonal variation,with peak and trough at winter and summer,respectively.The periodic velocity variation within fault zone exhibits remarkably positive correlation with barometric pressure with stress sensitivity in the order of 10-6Pa-1,suggesting that the plausible mechanism might be the crack density variation of the shallow subsurface medium of the damaged fault zone in response to the cyclic barometric pressure loading.     

合肥地震台钻孔体应变干扰分析

分析合肥地震台钻孔体应变观测资料干扰因素及特征,发现水位和气压等因素对TJ-Ⅱ型钻孔应变仪影响显著.在该地震台观测优化改造期间,钻孔体应变受到临近钻孔灌水的影响,而降雨和灌水导致的水位变化,对体应变干扰程度不同.     

Rupture pattern of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez,Eastern Turkey earthquake

High-frequency rupture process of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake is imaged by back-projection method using high-quality teleseismic P wave data from the US Array, and prestack Kirchhoff migration using P wave data from a subarray of global seismic networks. The rupture model with two asperities is confirmed by previous two methods. In low-frequency imaging, a large asperity derived from the migration method corresponds to the second one from the high-frequency P waves. The consistency of the locations of asperities from datasets with different frequency bands indicates that there is possible insignificance of the frequency-dependent feature for the earthquake. The resultant images illustrate the spatial and temporal evolution of the rupture, which mainly propagated WSW over a length of 33 km during the first 18 s, accompanying with bursts of two asperities at 3 and 11–13 s. The rupture direction is confirmed by the S wave corner frequency variations of strong ground accelerations. The rupture fronts are mainly located at the updip of the causative fault. Based on polarities of the P waveforms and focal mechanisms of the mainshock and aftershocks, the failure of these two asperities is determined to have occurred on a reverse fault with a dip angle of 47°. Hence, the rupture pattern of the 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake was dominated by a unilateral rupture toward the west-southwest direction.     

应用氚和14C方法确定柴达木盆地诺木洪地区地下水年龄

以柴达木盆地的诺木洪为研究区,利用氚与¹⁴C方法计算了当地各水体的年龄,分析地下水年龄分布特征及其可更新能力。结果表明：山区至冲洪积扇中部地下水年龄为15~18 a,为1952年之后补给的现代水,更新能力较强;冲洪积扇前缘地下水年龄不超过2 ka,具有现代水与古水混合的特征,更新能力较差;溢出带到盆地中心地下水年龄急剧变老,变化范围为5~28 ka,据此推测研究区溢出带位置的隐伏断层具阻水性质,该位置的地下水基本无更新能力。     

基于CALIPSO星载激光雷达的中国沙尘气溶胶观测

基于2006年6月至2012年5月无云条件下CALIPSO星载激光雷达观测资料,分析中国典型地区（塔克拉玛干沙漠、柴达木盆地、戈壁区和华北）沙尘气溶胶分布。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠和戈壁区为沙尘天气发生频率高值区,且前者在各高度层的沙尘发生频率都大于后者。沙尘发生呈季节性分布。塔克拉玛干沙漠在春季沙尘发生频率最大,抬升最高可至10 km,冬季频率最小,高度最低,主要分布在3 km以下。戈壁区在春季沙尘发生频率、抬升高度最大,冬季抬升高度最低,但低层发生频率大于夏、秋两季。在塔克拉玛干沙漠,沙尘光学厚度春季最大约为0.44,冬季最小约为0.17,春,冬季消光系数峰值最大,可达0.25 km^-1,且随高度的递减率大于夏,秋季。在戈壁区和柴达木盆地,沙尘光学厚度春季最大、秋季最小。在华北,沙尘光学厚度春季最大、夏季最小,消光系数在2 km以上春季最大,这主要是由于春季远距离高空传输到华北的沙尘量最多。塔克拉玛干沙漠与柴达木盆地的退偏比为0.2~0.35,戈壁区为0.16~0.28,可能是由于塔克拉玛干沙漠的物质组成与柴达木盆地相同,而与戈壁区不同。华北因低层沙尘与其他气溶胶混合导致退偏振比廓线随高度递增。4个区域对流层上部退偏比全为0.2,表明高空气溶胶可能为来自相同源区的沙尘。     

Study of initial vorticity forcing for block onset by a 4-dimensional variational approach

With the aid of a global barotropic model, the role of the interaction of the synoptic-scale disturbance and the planetary flow in block onset is examined by a 4-dimensional variational approach. A cost function is defined to measure the squared errors of the forecasted stream functions during block onset period (day 4 and day 5 in this study) over a selected blocking domain. The sensitivity of block onset with respect to the initial synoptic-scale disturbance is studied by examining the gradient of the defined cost function with respect to the initial (during the first 24 hours) vorticity forcing, which is evaluated by the adjoint integration. Furthermore, the calculated cost function and gradient are connected with the limited-memory quasi-Newton optimization algorithm for solving the optimal initial vorticity forcing for block onset. For two studied cases of block onset (northern Atlantic and northern Pacific) introducing the optimal initial vorticity forcing, the nonlinear barotropic advection process mostly reconstructs these blocking onset processes. The results show that the formation of blocking can be correctly described by a barotropic nonlinear advection process, in which the wave- (synoptic-scale) flow (planetary-scale) interaction plays a very important role. On an appropriate planetary-scale flow, a certain synoptic-scale disturbance can cause the blocking onset by the interaction between the synoptic scale perturbations and the planetary scale basic flows. The extended forecasts show that the introduction of the optimal initial vorticity forcing can predict the blocking process up to the 7th or 8th day in this simple model case. The experimental results in this study show that the 4-dimensional variational approach has a good potential to be applied to study the dynamics of the medium-range weather processes. This simple model case study is only an initial trial. Applying the framework in this study to a complex model will further our understanding of the mechanism of the atmospheric/oceanic processes and improve their prediction.     

脑血管病变多层螺旋CT血管造影三维成像技术的应用

目的:评估多层螺旋CT血管造影在脑血管疾病诊治中的价值.方法:对20例脑血管病患者进行CT血管造影检查,应用后处理工作站进行脑血管三维重建,显示病变解剖关系.结果:全部20例病变其中动脉瘤10例,动静脉畸形8例,脑血管狭窄2例均经手术及DSA证实.其中一例动脉瘤手术证实,DSA未检出.结论:CT血管造影三维重建可全方位显示脑血管,具有微创、安全、可靠、费用低廉等特点,适合于手术计划制定、术前定位及随访.     

气候变化因素在蒙古西征中的可能作用研究

13世纪上半叶蒙古帝国发动的3次西征极大地改变了欧亚大陆的政治格局和历史进程,成为世界最为重大历史事件之一; 其发生原因一直是学术界关注的焦点,人们提出了各种假说,其中气候变化驱动说,即干旱或/和降温事件触发蒙古西征说最具影响力。文章依据古气候研究进展对蒙古西征的动因进行了重新研究,首先对蒙古西征各种假说进行了回顾,重点介绍和评述了气候变化驱动说,然后根据我国高分辨率气候重建资料,结合欧亚大陆其他地区的古气候重建成果,恢复了蒙古西征时期的气候背景; 结果发现蒙古西征并非发生在传统上所认为的干旱或/和降温期,而是发生在相当于中世纪温暖期中的中后期,而且当时蒙古民族主要生活住居地区还比较湿润。研究结果对传统的气候驱动说提出了挑战,认为蒙古西征并非干旱或/和降温事件所触发,相反,当时温暖而湿润的气候环境为蒙古西征提供了良好的物质基础。研究结果较好地解释了蒙古当时征讨的重点地区为什么是西北方而不是东南方的印度和南宋地区之谜。