Plant Species Richness Affected Nitrogen Retention and Ecosystem Productivity in a Full‐Scale Constructed Wetland

The effects of plant species richness (SR; i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 species per plot) on substrate nitrate and ammonium retention and ecosystem productivity in a full‐scale constructed wetland (CW) with high nitrogen (N) input were studied. Substrate nitrate (0.1–16.4 mg kg^?1) and ammonium concentrations (1.3–9.2 mg kg^?1) in this study were higher than those in other comparable biodiversity experiments. Substrate nitrate concentration significantly increased while ammonium concentration significantly decreased with the increase of plant SR (p = 0.008 and 0.040, respectively). The response of ecosystem productivity to increasing SR was unimodal with four species per plot achieving the greatest productivity. Transgressive overyielding, which was compared to the most productive of corresponding monocultures, did not occur in most polycultures. We conclude that substrate N retention was enhanced by plant SR even with high N input, and plant SR could be managed to improve the efficiency of N removals in CWs for wastewater treatment.     

Water Quality Management Based on Division of Dry and Wet Seasons in Pearl River Delta,China

In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), river water quality deteriorates continually due to the population increase and ongoing industrialization and urbanization. In this study, a water quality management paradigm based on the seasonal variation is proposed. For better exploring the seasonal change of water quality, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the division of dry and wet seasons in the PRD during 1952–2009. Then water quality seasonal variation in 2008 and relevant impact factors were analyzed by multivariate statistic methods as a case to make some management measures. The results show that there are some differences of dry and wet seasons division among different years. Wet season mainly appear from April to September, which occupy the largest proportion among the 58 years (about 70%) and then followed by the wet season from May to October (about 13.8% of the total years). As to the water quality of 2008, significant differences exist between dry and wet seasons for 17 water quality parameters except TP, , Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Levels of parameters pH, EC, COD_Mn, BOD₅, , , and Cl^? in dry season are much higher than those in wet season. In dry season the variations of river water quality are mainly influenced by domestic sewage, industrial effluents, and salt water intrusion. While in wet season, except the aforementioned pollution sources, drainages from cultivated land and livestock farm are also the main factors influencing water pollution. Thus, water quality management measures are proposed in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The results obtained from this study would further facilitate water quality protection and water resources management in the PRD.     

全球变暖在继续

基于全球和中国的观测资料指出,无论全球还是中国,2001-2010年都是有仪器观测记录以来最暖的10年。虽然这10年内的温度上升趋势很弱,但并不意味着气候变暖已经停止。分季节来看,近10年（2001-2010年）冬季中国东北及新疆的气温低于前10年（1991-2000年）。然而,这种区域性和季节性的温度下降并没有影响全国、全年保持变暖的趋势。     

西藏阿里札达盆地香孜剖面孢粉分析

通过对西藏阿里札达盆地香孜剖面的孢粉分析,初步定出该地区新近纪和第四纪的界线,并得到更新世晚期以来该地区植被与环境发展的历史。约在2.68~2.45Ma期间,植被以乔木为主,主要为松、藜、蒿,属山地寒温气候;约在2.45~2.11Ma期间,草本植物迅速上升,气候变得干旱寒冷,显示出灌木草原气候特征;在2.11~1.49Ma期间,草本植物数量和种类达到之最,灌木相对增加,也显示气候进一步趋于干旱;在1.49~1.36Ma期间,草本植物有小幅下降,但蕨类植物增加幅度较大,显示了干冷草原气候特征。     

Multi-point source identification of sudden water pollution accidents in surface waters based on differential evolution and Metropolis–Hastings–Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Sudden water pollution accidents in surface waters occur with increasing frequency. These accidents significantly threaten people’s health and lives. To prevent the diffusion of pollutants, identifying these pollution sources is necessary. The identification problem of pollution source, especially for multi-point source, is one of the difficulties in the inverse problem area. This study examines this issue. A new method is designed by combining differential evolution algorithm (DEA) and Metropolis–Hastings–Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MH–MCMC) based on Bayesian inference to identify multi-point sudden water pollution sources. The effectiveness and accuracy of this proposed method is verified through outdoor experiments and comparison between DEA and MH–MCMC. The average absolute error of the sources’ position and intensity, the relative error and the average standard deviations obtained using the proposed method are less than those of DEA and MH–MCMC. Moreover, the relative error and the sampling relative error under four different standard deviations of measurement error (σ = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) are less than 2 and 0.11 %, respectively. The proposed method (i.e., DEMH–MCMC) is effective even when the standard deviation of the measurement error increases to 0.15. Therefore, the proposed method can identify sources of multi-point sudden water pollution accidents efficiently and accurately.     

兴都库什–帕米尔地区与天山地震带强震活动关联分析*

首先通过对区域地质构造背景、地震活动性质以及动力环境的分析,认为天山地震带强震活动主要受兴都库什-帕米尔构造结的动力控制。其次分析了兴都库什-帕米尔地区与天山地震带强震活动之间的相关关系,结果表明两地区强震成组活动存在一定的同步特征;进一步考察兴都库什-帕米尔地区中源地震与天山地震带强震活动之间关系,发现两者同样存在同步特征,且该区中源地震的活动强度和频度越大,天山地震带的强震活动越剧烈,其分布范围也越广。该结果从地震活动的角度反映了兴都库什-帕米尔地区对天山地震带强震活动的动力控制作用。     

周至地电阻率观测环境干扰数值模拟

周至地震台NS、NE和NW向测道地电阻率观测值2012年初开始出现显著趋势减小变化,经多次现场调查落实,认为变化与近年来农民在测区大规模搭建猕猴桃架有关.针对周至地震台地电阻率连续观测存在的环境干扰问题,建立环境干扰物理模型,模拟分析环境干扰对周至地电阻率观测的影响,并分析2012年以来趋势减小的可能干扰源.结果显示：2012年新搭建的猕猴桃架会造成周至地电阻率3测道观测值的趋势减小.当干扰电阻R=10 Ω时,模拟结果与实际观测结果符合良好.     

阶跃响应测定地震计周期与阻尼的精度研究

对阶跃响应波形的时域测定与频域测定两种方法进行对比计算,结果表明,频域测定法的计算精度提高约1个数量级。研究地震计周期与阻尼参数的影响因素,应优先选用频域测定法。     

树轮记录的青海柴达木盆地过去2800年来的极端干旱事件

利用在青海柴达木盆地建立的祁连圆柏树轮宽度指数年表,分析了自公元前800年以来树轮所记录的该地区2800年来极端干旱事件的变化。研究发现,过去2800年来极端干旱事件的出现存在群发性和间歇性的特点,其中魏晋南北朝时期(公元3世纪至4世纪)和明清时期(15世纪中叶至19世纪)是极端干旱事件的群发期,公元5世纪至12世纪的800年内极端干旱事件的出现频率较低。出现在西汉末年、东汉初年前后的持续性干旱是柴达木盆地过去2800年内最严重的极端干旱事件。