Saxonische Tektonik im Ostteil der Süddeutschen Scholle

Zusammenfassung Zwischen Ende Jura und Beginn Oberkreide wird der NW-Rand der Böhmischen Masse konturiert (NW-Richtungen, dazwischen abweichende Mosaik-Schollen). Vier weitere Etappen saxonischer Bruch- und Verbiegungstektonik liegen während der Oberkreide (NW-Richtungen), zwischen Oberkreide und Miozän (NW-, WNW- und ENE-Richtungen) bzw. im Miozän-Pliozän und ab Pliozän. Die Anordnung der oligozänen bis quartären Vulkanbauten belegt NNE- und ENE-streichende Tiefenwegsamkeiten. Vertikale, beulende Beanspruchung scheint zu dominieren. Einengungsformen sind auf die unmittelbaren Schollenränder beschränkt (teils gravitative Zutat mit Vergenz zur Tiefscholle, zum Teil rückläufige Bewegungen; Zuordnung der Horizontalstylolithen unklar), Hinweise auf Horizontalverschiebungen rar.

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The first stage of saxonic tectogenesis started at the end of the Jurassic (NW-border of the Bohemian block developed; predominantly NW-directions of blocks, mosaic blocks of different direction in between). Four younger stages of saxonic tectogenesis can be distinguished:During the Upper Cretaceous (NW-directions); at the end of the Upper Cretaceous till Eocene (in the south) or base of the Miocene (in the north) with NW-, WNW- and ENE-directions; during the Miocene to Pliocene; since the lower Pliocene.Basaltic volcanoes and dike swarms are connected to NNE- and ENE-directions (Oligocene to Quaternary in age).Indications of horizontal displacement are existent but rare. Tectonic structures of compressive tendency are restricted to the very borders of the saxonic blocks (due to gravitational origine or partially to invers displacement, always with vergency to the deeper situated block). As to the horizontal stylolithes the times of their origin as well as their interrelation to other tectonic elements are still uncertain.Vertical uplift of blocks with normal faults within the sedimentary cover seems to be predominant.

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Résumé La limite Nord-Ouest du «Massif de Bohême» se forme entre la fin du Jurassique et le début du Crétacé supérieur. Sa direction Nord-Ouest est compliquée de quelques lambeaux intercalés à directions aberrantes. Quatre autres étappes de la tectonique cassante ou pliante de «type saxonien» s'échellonnent du Crétacé sup. (direct. NW), entre le Crétacé sup. et le Miocène (directions NW, WNW et ENE) ou respectivement dans la Miocène-Pliocène jusqu'au post-Pliocène. L'alignement des appareils volcaniques neogènes prouve l'existence en profondeur de fractures de direction NNE et ENE.Les sollicitations verticales, formant des soulèvements semblent dominer. Des formes de resserrement sont limitées aux bords immédiats des écailles (en partie un appoint gravitationel avec déversement vers le lambeau abaissé, en partie mouvements rétrogrades; la signification des stylolithes horizontaux n'est pas encore éclaircie). Des indications de mouvements horizontaux sont rares.

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Zur Bildung von Zinn-Wolfram-Lagerstätten

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

On the dependence of sunspot minimum intensity on area

Highly resolved photographs of 25 sunspots and pores of different areas in 2 continuous wavelengths, obtained in summer 1966 at the Sacramento Peak Observatory, have been used to reinvestigate the dependence of sunspot minimum intensity on area. Special care was taken to correct for parasitic light caused by blurring or image motion and by light scattering in the instrument and atmosphere. We find a very small, if any, dependence ofI _min on sunspot area in contradiction to older measurements but in agreement with Sitnik's and Zwaan's statements.     

Plankton in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: from living communities to sediment assemblages —an actualistic approach

A synoptic study is carried out to reconstruct the development of the plankton community in the late Quaternary in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. It comprises quantitative analyses of coccolithophores, dinoflagellate cysts, diatoms and radiolarians. An actualistic approach is applied to evaluate the different fossil records of these plankton groups. The preliminary results of the current investigation are reported here.The composition and distribution of living communities of coccolithophores are presented as an example. A close relationship between the distribution of regional groups and surface water masses is observed. Seasonal vertical fluxes of coccolithophores and radiolarians through the water column show similar patterns within different years. However, diatoms are highly variable, both in absolute fluxes and species composition. The differentiation of sporadic and periodic processes is evident only after several years of observation. During settling and sedimentation biotic and abiotic processes such as grazing, dissolution and lateral transport alter the assemblages.Investigation of death assemblages in surface sediments reveals that in spite of these alteration processes the abundance and species distribution are related to surface water masses. Higher abundances and diversities are usually found in sediments underlying the warm Norwegian Current. Concentrations decrease to the north-west towards the cold polar water masses.The sediment assemblages of all groups are strongly altered relicts of former living communities. They are characterized by distinct changes in species composition and absolute abundances related to palaeo-oceanographic development. Their variation through the sedimentary record is used to distinguish four ecostratigraphic units during the late Weichselian and Holocene.     

Aircraft icing research flights in embedded convection

Summary Results from in-cloud measurements with an instrumented aircraft from an icing research campaign in Southern Germany in March 1997 are presented. Measurements with conventional optical cloud probes and of the ice accretion on a cylinder exposed to the flow show the existence of supercooled large drops (SLD) in the size range up to 300 μm simultaneously with severe icing with ice-accretion rates of up to 3.5 mm min⁻¹. Nearly all periods with icing, including the ones with severe icing, occurred in mixed-phase convective cells embedded in surrounding stratus clouds. The spatial scales of SLD occurrence, respectively severe icing, ranged between several hundred meters and some kilometers and correspond to the length of the transects through the embedded cells. SLD formed through the coalescence process and were found through the whole cloud depth pointing to a source region near cloud top, in line with the arguments of Rauber and Tokay (1991). No indication of ice-multiplication by the Hallet-Mossop process was found, despite of the favorable temperatures for that process. Comparisons of the measured amount of accreted ice with the observed cloud-particle size distributions quite surprisingly indicate that ice accretion is mostly caused by 10–30 μm sized drops rather than by SLD. The latter, therefore, appear to be a by-product of a hypothesized liquid water accumulation zone near cloud top which is also the primary cause of the observed severe ice accretion. The results confirm the importance of embedded convection and of mixed phase clouds with high amounts of liquid water and simultaneously occurring SLD.     

The bulk mineralogy,elemental composition,and water content of the Winchcombe CM chondrite fall

On the microscale, the Winchcombe CM carbonaceous chondrite contains a number of lithological units with a variety of degrees of aqueous alteration. However, an understanding of the average hydration state is useful when comparing to other meteorites and remote observations of airless bodies. We report correlated bulk analyses on multiple subsamples of the Winchcombe meteorite, determining an average phyllosilicate fraction petrologic type of 1.2 and an average water content of 11.9 wt%. We show the elemental composition and distribution of iron and iron oxidation state are consistent with measurements from other CM chondrites; however, Winchcombe shows a low Hg concentration of 58.1 ± 0.5 ng g⁻¹. We demonstrate that infrared reflectance spectra of Winchcombe are consistent with its bulk modal mineralogy, and comparable to other CM chondrites with similar average petrologic types. Finally, we also evaluate whether spectral parameters can estimate H/Si ratios and water abundances, finding generally spectral parameters underestimate water abundance compared to measured values.