Estimation of groundwater residence time using the 36Cl bomb pulse

We propose a methodology for estimating the residence time of groundwater based on bomb-produced (36)Cl. Water samples were collected from 28 springs and 2 flowing wells located around Mt. Fuji, Central Japan. (36)Cl/Cl ratios in the water samples, determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), were between 43 × 10(-15) and 412 × 10(-15). A reference time series of the above-background (i.e., bomb-derived) (36)Cl concentration was constructed by linearly scaling the background-corrected Dye-3 data according to the estimated total bomb-produced (36)Cl fallout in the Mt. Fuji area. Assuming piston flow transport, estimates of residence time were obtained by comparing the measured bomb-derived (36)Cl concentrations in spring water with the reference curve. The distribution of (36)Cl-based residence times is basically consistent with that of tritium-based estimates calculated from data presented in previous studies, although the estimated residence times differ between the two tracers. This discrepancy may reflect chlorine recycling via vegetation or the relatively small change in fallout rate, approximately since 1975, which would give rise to large uncertainties in (36)Cl-based estimates of recharge for the period, approximately since 1975. Given the estimated ages for groundwater from flowing wells, dating based on a (36)Cl bomb pulse may be more reliable and sensitive for groundwater recharged before 1975, back as far as the mid-1950s.     

Trace-element compositions of single fluid inclusions in the Kofu granite, Japan: Implications for compositions of granite-derived fluids

Fluid inclusions in quartz from miarolitic cavities, pegmatites, and quartz veins in Miocene biotite-granite plutons, Kofu, Japan, were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission to examine chemistries and behaviors of granite-derived fluids in island-arc granite. Most inclusions are aqueous two-phase inclusions, and halite-bearing polyphase inclusions are also observed in quartz veins in the upper part of the plutons. From element contents of fluid inclusions in the miarolitic cavities, the original fluid released from the granite plutons during solidification is inferred to have concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ge, Br, Rb, Pb, and Ba of several tens to hundreds of parts per million by weight (ppm) and a salinity of about 10 wt% NaCl equivalent. We estimated the formation conditions of the fluid to have been at about 1.3–1.9 kb and 530–600°C on the basis of the homogenization temperatures of the inclusions and the solidification conditions of the plutons. The polyphase inclusions probably originated from hypersaline fluid by boiling of part of the released fluid during its ascent in the plutons. The polyphase inclusions contain several hundreds to tens of thousands of ppm of Fe and Mn, and tens to several hundreds of ppm of Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Pb. The salinities are about 35 wt% NaCl equivalent. Compositional variations in two-phase inclusions from the miarolitic cavities and quartz veins are primarily explained by mineral precipitation with dilution by surface water exerting a secondary influence. Thus, chemistries and behaviors of the granite-derived fluids in the plutons can be explained by mineral precipitation, boiling, and dilution of the originally released fluid.     

Trace Element Analysis of Fused Whole-Rock Glasses by Laser Ablation-ICP-MS and PIXE

The concentrations of fifty trace elements, including relatively volatile elements and transition metal elements, in fused glasses of Geological Survey of Japan rock reference materials GSJ JR-2, JA-1, JA-2, JB-1a, JB-3, JGb-1 and JF-1 were determined by particle (proton) induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The fused glasses were prepared by rapid fusion and subsequent quenching in welded platinum capsules and were found to be homogeneous for major elements and for trace elements with concentrations of more than 1 μg g^-1 within the observed precision (± 10% mean) on a 70 μm sampling scale. The values obtained by PIXE and LA-ICP-MS for the transition elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cu), the relatively volatile elements (Zn, Ga, Rb and Pb) and the refractory elements (Y, Zr, Nb and Th) with concentrations greater than a few μg g^-1 showed good agreement (within 10 % relative difference). The values for almost all the elements detected at concentrations higher than 1 μg g^-1 as determined by LA-ICP-MS also agreed well with the reference values (mean relative difference < ± 10%), except for B and Cu. The good agreement confirmed the appropriateness of the NIST SRM 600 series glass calibration reference material for LA-ICP-MS analysis of glasses with variable major-element compositions for almost all elements. The concentrations of Cu in all the samples were lower than the reference values, which was attributed to adsorption of the transition metals onto the platinum capsule during preparation.     

Responses of Estuarine Bacterioplankton,Phytoplankton and Zooplankton to Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Inorganic Nutrient Additions

The response of planktonic bacteria and phytoplankton to various additions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as glucose, with and without inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), was tested in the upper to mid Hunter Estuary, Australia. In situ microcosms (1.25 L) were performed at two sites with varying salinities over three seasons. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among control and treatments for all seasons for the bacterial, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a responses (P < 0.05). A significant interaction between treatment and site was found in autumn for dissolved oxygen, autumn and spring for bacterial and spring for chlorophyll a responses. At both sites for each season, and on nearly all occasions, bacterial surface area was enhanced by DOC addition as indicated by both increased bacterial abundance and dissolved oxygen utilisation. DOC in combination with inorganic nutrients sometimes further enhanced the bacterial response compared to DOC alone. Inorganic nutrients alone did not enhance growth of the heterotrophic bacterioplankton. Addition of DOC alone led to decreased chlorophyll a relative to the control, probably due to competition for limited inorganic nutrients with the bacterioplankton DOC non-limiting conditions. Results suggest that the heterotrophic community was limited by DOC at both sites and across seasons. An experiment with a larger volume (70 L), performed over a longer time, compared a control with DOC addition. Increased bacterial biomass as a result of DOC addition occurred at day 2. Chlorophyll a did not significantly differ between treatments. An increase in zooplankton density was recorded in the DOC treatment relative to the control at day 10. This study supports the contention that increased DOC delivery with river inflows through environmental flow allocations will stimulate heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in the upper Hunter Estuary.     

基于地基微波辐射计反演四川盆地水汽及云液态水的初步分析

利用2016年12月1日～2017年11月30日,地基微波辐射计、L波段探空资料和地面常规气象资料,对四川盆地的水汽和云液态水进行了初步分析。结果表明：(1)探空与微波辐射计反演的水汽含量差值为0.558cm,相关系数为0.787,且通过了α=0.01显著性检验,微波辐射计反演的水汽含量是可信的。(2)基于地基微波辐射计分析四川盆地水汽和云液态水含量的变化特征,可以得出,夏季水汽含量最多,秋季云液态水含量最多;最大值出现在夜晚,最小值出现在白天,夜晚值大于白天。水汽含量和云液态水含量最大值和最小值时间间隔秋季最长(均为16小时),冬季最短(分别为9小时、10小时);水汽含量日较差在秋季最大(1.096cm),冬季最小(0.489cm),云液态水含量日较差在夏季最大(0.908mm),冬季最小(0.311mm)。水汽含量与降水、温度的月变化特征为显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.842和0.915;与温度日变化特征在春、秋季的11:00～次日01:00为显著性正相关,白天相关性大于夜晚,在夏季01:00～13:00为显著性负相关,日出前相关性最高。(3)水汽和云液态水含量在降水过程开始前1～2h有明显的波动上升,降水结束后,水汽和云液态水含量迅速减少,水汽和云液态水的变化特征对降水天气的预报具有指示意义。     

基于多源探测资料对四川一次冰雹天气的分析

利用多普勒雷达、地基微波辐射计、激光雨滴谱仪等资料,分析了宜宾2017年4月13日一次降雹过程,探讨新型探测资料在冰雹监测预警中的应用。研究结果表明:(1)阶梯槽是冰雹天气过程重要的环流形势,短波北槽触发了大气不稳定能量的爆发释放。0~6km存在较深厚的垂直风切变,0℃高度出现在约3.5km处。(2)此次降雹过程的回波特征为多单体强风暴,垂直结构上有回波悬垂和弱回波特征区,VIL有四次明显的跃增,20:44VIL密度值> 4g·m^-3。(3)降雹前,0~10km相对湿度垂直分布存在“上下干,中间湿”的3层结构,K指数为40℃,降雹开始后相对湿度垂直分布存在“上干下湿”的2层结构,K指数波动较大;大气水汽总含量、大气液态水总量急剧增长,降雹发生在二者的波峰上。(4)雨滴谱仪观测到的降雹时段为20:56~21:19,最大冰雹直径为8.5mm;降水粒子的直径较小,大多数粒子直径只有0.2~1mm,雨滴谱呈双峰型分布特点,双峰上雨滴谱谱宽加大,雨强增大。     

Comparison between non-linear dynamic and static seismic analysis of structures according to European and US provisions

Several procedures for non-linear static and dynamic analysis of structures have been developed in recent years. This paper discusses those procedures that have been implemented into the latest European and US seismic provisions: non-linear dynamic time-history analysis; N2 non-linear static method (Eurocode 8); non-linear static procedure NSP (FEMA 356) and improved capacity spectrum method CSM (FEMA 440). The presented methods differ in respect to accuracy, simplicity, transparency and clarity of theoretical background. Non-linear static procedures were developed with the aim of overcoming the insufficiency and limitations of linear methods, whilst at the same time maintaining a relatively simple application. All procedures incorporate performance-based concepts paying more attention to damage control. Application of the presented procedures is illustrated by means of an example of an eight-storey reinforced concrete frame building. The results obtained by non-linear dynamic time-history analysis and non-linear static procedures are compared. It is concluded that these non-linear static procedures are sustainable for application. Additionally, this paper discusses a recommendation in the Eurocode 8/1 that the capacity curve should be determined by pushover analysis for values of the control displacement ranging between zero and 150% of the target displacement. Maximum top displacement of the analyzed structure obtained by using dynamic method with real time-history records corresponds to 145% of the target displacement obtained using the non-linear static N2 procedure.     

四川不同等级雾的时空分布及其生消时间

利用四川省153个气象观测站点的逐时能见度和相对湿度资料,根据水平能见度将雾分为大雾、浓雾、强浓雾和特强浓雾四个等级,分析了四川不同等级雾的时空分布、持续时间及生消时间,结果表明：四川地区,雾在冬季最多,夏季最少,特强浓雾在4~9月比较罕见;各等级雾均在后半夜到早上（03~09时）最为频发,午后到晚上最少,强浓雾和特强浓雾几乎不会在午后到晚上（13~20时）发生;四川盆地是雾的多发区,川西高原和攀西地区雾较少,四川大部地区没有强浓雾和特强浓雾发生;四川大雾和浓雾持续时间短,一般为1~3h;强浓雾和特强浓雾一旦形成,便不容易在短时间内消散;成雾时间主要在夜间到日出前,消雾时间主要在日出后。     

基于能量模型的水稻生长模型

该文考虑生命活动与物质交换和能量流动的关系,从热力学出发,引入一维能量模型。在一维能量模型的基础上,将水稻对外界能量的摄取能力与水稻生长季中的气温变化规律联系起来,建立在气温变化条件下水稻的生长模型。结合气温增长率、水稻最适气温和不同阶段的生物量,以徐士良单形调优算法为基础,利用Forcal二维方程参数拟合,得到关于水稻自然增长率、气温波幅和初始值等参数的最优拟合。将最优拟合数据代入水稻的生长模型,拟合得到水稻的生长曲线和水稻生长随气温的变化趋势。以水稻的生长模型为基础,定性分析水稻的临界气温和最大生长率出现时间。通过分析发现,水稻生长季的临界气温与气温增长率无关;水稻的最大生长率出现时间为水稻分蘖后期、孕穗期。为考虑异常气温对水稻生长的影响,利用Matlab对水稻分蘖期低温和生殖生长期高温的水稻生长进行模拟,结果表明:水稻后期高温对产量影响比前期受低温影响严重。