Magmatic and metallogenetic episodes in the northern tin belt,cordillera real,Bolivia

New K-Ar determinations for granitoid rocks and ores from the northern Bolivian segment (ca. 15°-18° S.) of the Central Andean Cordillera Oriental (Eastern Cordillera) confirm that this region displays a remarkable repetition of magmatic activity and associated lithophile metal mineralization. Intrusion of monzogranites, in part peraluminous, and granodiorites took place in the Mid—to—Late Triassic (apparent age range: 225-202 Ma) and Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (28.4-ca. 19.2 Ma); the two plutonic domains are juxtaposed, with little or no areal overlap, along an essentially linear belt defining the inner boundary of the Central Andean magmatic arc. There is no conclusive evidence of granitoid intrusion during the intervening period, although at least two centres of Upper Cretaceous basic-intermediate hypabyssal-volcanic rocks are known. Whereas the Triassic episode simultaneously affected ca. 200 km of the belt, the Oligocene-Miocene domain experienced a longitudinal (southeastward) migration of activity which, in its later stages (22-19 Ma), coincided with the initiation of widespread volcanism and intrusion on the altiplano, to the west of the granitoid belt.Both intrusive domains may be regarded as the innermost expressions of relatively brief episodes of radical broadening of the Central Andean magmatic arc, possibly generated through abrupt, but minor, decrease in the inclination of eastward subduction at the western plate margin, and attended by a degree of crustal anatexis unattained in the outer parts of the arc. Our radiometric data permit the delimitation of two metallogenetic (W-Sn) sub-provinces in the northern part of the Bolivian tin belt. The tungsten-tin vein deposits associated with the Triassic and Tertiary plutons are very similar, although tungsten appears to be enriched relative to tin in the older domain. There is no radio-metric or petrographic evidence of significant reactivation of older hydrothermal systems in the Tertiary. The late-Early Miocene age (16.3 Ma) determined for the important Oruro Sn-Ag epithermal centre (17° 56' S.) represents an anomaly in the broad southward migration of volcanic and hydrothermal activity defined byGrant et al. (1979) in the central and southern, sub-volcanic, segments of the Bolivian tin-polymetallic belt. Minor Pb-Zn-Ag vein mineralization was probably associated with the Upper Cretaceous basic-intermediate magmatism.

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Zusammenfassung Neue K-Ar Bestimmungen für die granitoiden Gesteine und Erze aus dem nord-bolivischen Segment (ca. 15°-18° S) der mittleren andeanischen Cordillera Oriental (östlichen Cordillera) bestätigen, daß dieses Gebiet eine beachtenswerte Wiederholung der magmatischen Aktivität und der damit verbundenen Erzmineralisierung aufweist. Granodiorite und teilweise Monzogranite mit Aluminium-Überschuß sind in der Mittel- und Spät-Trias (225-202 Ma) und im Spät-Oligozän bis Früh-Miozän (28.4-ca. 19.2 Ma) eingedrungen; die beiden plutonischen Bereiche liegen mit nur geringer oder fehlender Überlappung benachbart längs einem im wesentlichen linearen Gürtel, der den inneren Rand des mittelandinischen magmatischen Bogen abgrenzt. Es gibt keine entscheidende Anzeichen für granitische Intrusionen in der dazwischen liegenden Zeit, obwohl wenigstens zwei Zentren der oberkretazischen basischen bis intermediären, hypabyssalen bis vulkanischen Gesteinen bekannt sind. Während die triassische Episode gleichzeitig ungefähr 200 km des Gebiets beeinflußte, erfuhr der oligozän-miozäne Bereich jedoch eine longitudinale (südöstliche) Wanderung der Aktivität, die, in den jüngeren Stufen, mit der Einleitung des ausgedehnten Vulkanismus und der Intrusion auf dem Altiplano, westlich des granitoiden Gebietes zusammenfiel.Die beiden intrusiven Gebiete könnte man als die innersten Vorgänge verhältnismägig kurzer Episoden einer drastischen Verbreitung des mittleren andinischen magmatischen Bogens betrachten. Diese könnten vielleicht durch die plötzliche Verringerung des Winkels der östlichen Subduktion an der westlichen Plattengrenze entstanden sein, mit einem Grad der Anatexis, der in den äußeren Teilen des Bogens nicht erreicht wurde. Unsere radiometrischen Daten ermöglichen die Abgrenzung zweier metallogenetischen (W-Sn) Unterprovinzen im nördlichen Teil des bolivischen Zinn-Gebiets. Obwohl die mit den triassischen und tertiären Plutonen verbundenen Wolfram-Zinn-Erzgänge einander sehr ähneln, scheint das Wolfram im älteren Bereich dem Zinn gegenüber etwas angereichert zu sein. Es liegen keine radiometrischen oder petrographischen Zeugnisse für eine erhebliche Reaktivierung von älteren hydrothermalen Systemen im Tertiär vor. Ein spätes früh-miozänes Alter (16.3 Ma) wurde für das wichtige Sn-Ag epithermale Zentrum von Oruro bestimmt. Dieses weicht von der allgemeinen nach S gerichteten Wanderung der vulkanischen und hydrothermalen Aktivität in den zentralen und südlichen subvulkanischen Segmenten der bolivischen Zinn-polymetallischen Gürtel ab, die vonGrant et al. (1979) beschrieben wurde. Geringere Pb-Zn-Ag-Erzgangbildung stand wahrscheinlich mit dem oberkretazischen basisch-intermediären Magmatismus in Verbindung.

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Résumé De nouvelles determinations K-Ar sur des roches granitiques et sur du minerais provenant du segment bolivien septentrional (ca. 15°-18° S) de la Cordillère orientale des Andes centrales (Cordillère est) confirme que cette région fut affectée par une activité magmatique répétée auquelle s'associa une activité metalifère riche en métaux lithophiles. Des intrusions de monzogranites, en partie peralumineux et de granodiorites se mirent en place durant le Triassique moyen et supérieur (intervalle d'âge apparent: 225-202 Ma) et durant l'Oligocène moyen et le début du Miocène (24.4-ca. 19.2 Ma). Ces deux domaines plutoniques se juxtaposent avec un recouvrement spatial faible ou nul, le long d'une ceinture essentiellement linéaire définissant la bordure interne de l'arc magmatique des Andes centrales. Bien qu'aucune indication concluante nesitue la mise en place d'intrusions granitiques durant la période intermédiaire, au moins deux centres volcaniques hypabyssaux de composition basique à intermédiaire se sont formés au Crétacé supérieur. L'épisode magmatique du Triassique a affecté simultanément ca. 200 km de la ceinture. Le domaine Oligocène-Miocène, pour sa part, a subi une migration longitudinale (sudest) de l'activité magmatique dont les étapes tardives (22-19 Ma) coîcident avec le déput d'une longue période de volcanisme et d'intrusions sur l'altiplano, à l'ouest de la ceinture granitique.celle des aggregats de grande taille, par des mécanismes de dislocation. La transition est Les deux domaines intrusifs peuvent être causés par un fort élargissement répété et bref de l'arc magmatique des Andes centrales. neut-être dû à une diminution abrupte de l'inclinaison de la zone de subduction orientale à la bordure ouest de la plaque, accompagnée par un degré d'anatexie crustale qui n'atteignit pas la partie externe de l'arc. Les résultats radiométriques obtenus permettent de délimiter deux sous-provinces métallogéniques (W-Sn) dans la partie septentrionale de la ceinture bolivienne stannifère. Les gisements filoniens d'étain et de tungsténe associés aux plutons triassiques et tertiaires sont très semblables; cependant le tungstène semble être plus abondant rapport à l'étain dans le plus vieux domaine. Il n'y a aucune évidence radiométrique ou pétrographique d'une réactivation signicative du système hydrothermal tertiaire. L'age Miocène (16.3 Ma) obtenu pour l'important centre épithermal Sn-Ag d'Oruro (17° 56' S.) représente une anomalie dans la vaste migration sud-est de l'activité volcanique et hydrothermale définie parGrant et al. (1979) dans les segments «sub-volcaniques» central et sud-est de la ceinture polymétallique et stannifére bolivienne. Une faible minéralisation filonienne Pb-Zn-Ag était probalement associée avec le magmatisme intermédiaire à basique du Crétacé supérieur.

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Influence of Site and Source Dependent Ground Motion Scenarios on the Seismic Safety of Long-span Bridges in Cologne, Germany

An overlap in frequency between the 1D resonance frequency of sediments and the vibrational frequencies of long-span bridges might lead to a strongly increased structural response of the latter. Interference of surface waves caused by reflections at dipping interfaces may introduce additional unfavourable amplifications. Therefore, the vulnerability of two bridges crossing the Rhine River in Cologne, Germany, was assessed using ground motion scenarios computed for four profiles crossing the Lower Rhine Embayment. Due to their vibrational frequencies being in the vicinity of resonant peaks in the response spectra, the Severinsbridge showed critical loading and the bridge Cologne-Deutz even exhibited grave failure according to the dynamic FE-simulations.     

Cretaceous black shales as active bioreactors: A biogeochemical model for the deep biosphere encountered during ODP Leg 207 (Demerara Rise)

A transport-reaction model was designed to identify the combination and importance of biogeochemical processes operating in four sites drilled during ODP Leg 207 (Demerara Rise, Equatorial Atlantic). Almost 100 Ma after their deposition, deeply buried Cretaceous black shales still act as active bioreactors in great sediment depths and control the biogeochemical reaction network of the whole sediment column. According to a model calibrated at the four drill sites through inverse modeling techniques, methanogenesis could be identified as a key process that dominates not only organic matter degradation but also sulfate availability through the anaerobic oxidation of methane above the black shales. A complete depletion of sulfate within the black shale sequences promotes the remobilization of biogenic barium that reprecipitates as authigenic barite at the top of the sulfate depletion zone. Temporal dynamics of degradation processes caused continuous shifts of the barite precipitation zone during burial, thus inhibiting the formation of an authigenic barite front or causing the dissolution of earlier formed fronts. Major deviations of pore water sulfate profiles from a linear gradient coincide with depths of decelerated or accelerated transport caused by local porosity minima or maxima. Model-determined reaction rates are by far lower than those found in shallower sediments due to the low metabolic activities that are characteristic for the Deep Biosphere. But even after almost 100 Ma, changing organic matter quality still influences the degradation within the black shale sequences, as it is indicated by model results.     

On the probability density function of the GNSS ambiguity residuals

Integer GNSS ambiguity resolution involves estimation and validation of the unknown integer carrier phase ambiguities. A problem then is that the classical theory of linear estimation does not apply to the integer GPS model, and hence rigorous validation is not possible when use is made of the classical results. As with the classical theory, a first step for being able to validate the integer GPS model is to make use of the residuals and their probabilistic properties. The residuals quantify the inconsistency between data and model, while their probabilistic properties can be used to measure the significance of the inconsistency. Existing validation methods are often based on incorrect assumptions with respect to the probabilistic properties of the parameters involved. In this contribution we will present and evaluate the joint probability density function (PDF) of the multivariate integer GPS carrier phase ambiguity residuals. The residuals and their properties depend on the integer estimation principle used. Since it is known that the integer least-squares estimator is the optimal choice from the class of admissible integer estimators, we will only focus on the PDF of the ambiguity residuals for this estimator. Unfortunately the PDF cannot be evaluated exactly. It will therefore be shown how to obtain a good approximation. The evaluation will be completed by some examples.     

The Diamantina Monazite: A New Low‐Th Reference Material for Microanalysis

Most monazite reference materials (RMs) for in situ U‐Pb geochronology are rich in Th; however, many hydrothermal ore deposits contain monazite that is low in trace element contents, including Th, U and Pb. Because of potential problems with matrix effects and the lack of appropriate matrix‐matched RMs, such variations can bias dating of hydrothermal deposits. In this paper, we describe a polycrystalline low‐U and low‐Th Diamantina monazite from the Espinhaço Range, SE Brazil. It has a U‐Pb ID‐TIMS weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb^*/²³⁵U ratio of 0.62913 ± 0.00079, ²⁰⁶Pb^*/²³⁸U of 0.079861 ± 0.000088 and ²⁰⁷Pb^*/²⁰⁶Pb^* of 0.057130 ± 0.000031, yielding a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb^*/²³⁸U date of 495.26 ± 0.54 Ma (95% c.l.). In situ dates acquired with different methods (LA‐(Q, SF, MC)‐ICP‐MS and SIMS) are within uncertainty of the ID‐TIMS data. U‐Pb LA‐(Q, MC)‐ICP‐MS runs, using Diamantina as a primary RM, reproduced the ages of other established RMs within < 1% deviation. The LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analyses yielded homogeneous Sm‐Nd isotopic compositions (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.511427 ± 23, 2s; ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.1177 ± 13, 2s) and εNd_(495 Ma) of ?18.7 ± 0.5 (2s). SIMS oxygen isotope determinations showed measurement reproducibility better than ± 0.3‰ (2s), confirming Diamantina's relative homogeneity at test portion masses below 1 ng.     

Climate Change-Induced Changes in the Chemistry of a High-Altitude Mountain Lake in the Central Alps

Aquatic Geochemistry - Mountains are among the most sensitive ecosystems to climate change, and one of the most evident signs of climate-related effect is the continuous net loss of ice from the...     

Modeling Ocean Currents Through Complex Random Fields Indexed in Time

Surface ocean currents are often of interest in environmental monitoring. These vectorial data can be reasonably treated as a finite realization of a complex-valued random field, where the decomposition in modulus (current speed) and direction (current direction) of the current field is natural. Moreover, when observations are also available for different time points (other than at several locations), it is useful to evaluate the evolution of their complex correlation over time (rather than in space) and the corresponding modeling which is required for estimation purposes. This paper illustrates a first approach where the temporal profile of surface ocean currents is considered. After introducing the fundamental aspects of the complex formalism of a random field indexed in time, a new class of models suitable for including the temporal component is proposed and applied to describe the time-varying complex covariance function of current data. The analysis concerns ocean current observations, taken hourly on 30 April 2016 through high frequency radar systems at some stations located in the Northeastern Caribbean Sea. The selected complex covariance model indexed in time is used for estimation purposes and its reliability is confirmed by a numerical analysis.

     

Special Issue: Geostatistics and Machine Learning

Mathematical Geosciences - Recent years have seen a steady growth in the number of papers that apply machine learning methods to problems in the earth sciences. Although they have different...     

Macrobenthic surf zone communities of temperate sandy beaches: spatial and temporal patterns

The spatial and temporal patterns within the surf zone epibenthic assemblages were studied in a coastal fringe of Argentina to determine whether assemblage compositions, abundance, species richness and diversity vary spatially and temporarily. Sampling was conducted seasonally in two sandy beaches over 2 years with a benthic sledge used to collect the fauna in the upper centimeters of soft bottom sediments and the epifauna on the sediment surface. Physical variables were measured in the same coastal sites where biological sampling was conducted. A total of 58 morphospecies were collected. Peracarid crustaceans were the most abundant group. The mysid Pseudobranchiomysis arenae (new genus–new species) (29.73 ± 17.79 ind. per sample) and the isopod Leptoserolis bonaerensis (51.54 ± 22.35 ind. per sample) were the most abundant and common species and were present regularly throughout the sampling period. Differences in the surf zone community composition were found between the beaches; these differences could be related to variation in physical parameters such as sand grain size and wave climate, indicating the possible influence of the morphodynamic state of the beaches on the epibenthic assemblages. A seasonal abundance trend was detected, reflecting the changes in abundance of the two dominant species; the richness pattern was not easily detectable due to the sporadic appearance of non‐resident species in the surf zone, probably due to different causes, including dispersion by entry of water from surrounding areas, littoral currents and storms. The surf zone studied presents a complex and dynamic epibenthic community that appears to be influenced by the morphodynamic state of the beach and the dynamic of non‐resident species.