应用X射线衍射-激光拉曼光谱-电子探针等分析测试技术研究旬阳朱砂玉的矿物学特征

近年来外观形似鸡血石的红色朱砂玉备受关注,其中吉林、贵州、青海等地这种红色岩石已有矿物成分、岩性等相关方面的研究。本文利用常规宝石常数测定手段、偏光显微镜、X射线粉晶衍射仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、电子探针等分析测试技术,对陕西旬阳朱砂玉的矿物学和宝石学特征进行了研究。结果表明,该产地朱砂玉的矿物成分以石英、辰砂为主,含有少量的方解石、白云石、重晶石、黄铁矿;其中主要矿物成分辰砂的颜色随铁含量的增加而逐渐加深;矿物结构以碎屑结构、粒状变晶结构、穿插交代结构为主。根据矿物成分以及矿床成因的研究分析,初步认为陕西旬阳朱砂玉属于沉积-热液-强烈改造型矿床。该地区的朱砂玉与鸡血石的相似之处在于矿物的主要成分都含有辰砂,致使外观品质上具有一定的相似性,但具体矿床成因以及矿物成分有着明显的差别:旬阳朱砂玉产于沉积-热液-强烈改造型矿床中,其“地”主要矿物成分为石英岩,“血”为辰砂;而浙江昌化和内蒙古巴林鸡血石均产于中生代交代蚀变酸性火山岩的次级断裂小构造中,其“地”主要为地开石、高岭石、叶腊石,“血”为辰砂。此次研究采用多种分析测试手段为旬阳朱砂玉与鸡血石的鉴别提供了可靠的依据。     

Soil moisture retrieving using hyperspectral data with the application of wavelet analysis

As a powerful tool, the wavelet transform method has been widely used in feature extraction for hyperspectral data, while few studies are focused on soil moisture retrieving. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for soil moisture retrieving. In this study, a total of 78 measurements of soil moisture and hyperspectral data were collected through soil sampling as well as laboratory quantitative control. There were 13 different mother wavelets capable of decomposing hyperspectral data that were recommended, along with six decomposition levels from 5 to 10. The performances of two feature extraction methods namely band selection and DWT were compared, using three indexes, i.e., R ², R _adj and root mean square error (RMSE) introduced to validate soil moisture retrieving results. The experimental results indicated that the wavelet transform method could significantly reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral data, resulting in a much more effective performance. Among the 78 estimation models using the wavelet transform, there were 42 models superior to band selection, with 24 models yielding good correlations between the predicted soil moisture and the measured ones (R ² ≥ 0.7, RMSE ≤ 0.050, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, when the wavelet decomposition level was 9 and the mother wavelets were Daubechies 2, Daubechies 4, Reserve Biorthogonal 3.3 and Biorthogonal 6.8, the retrieving results were optimum. Additionally, the experimental results proved that the wavelet analysis technique was capable of preserving high- and low-frequency spectral information at different decomposition scales, and could correctly reflect the variation of soil moisture. Thus, it would be helpful in further environmental monitoring.     

德国Chiemsee湖磁性细菌干湖泥的磁学性质

对经历过实验室磁性细菌培养的Chiemsee湖的4块干湖泥样品进行了磁学参数、粒度和XRD测量,结果表明样品中的主要磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主,并含有少量的硫铁矿.培养深度1～ 2cn处的样品在磁化率、百分比频率磁化率、无磁滞剩磁、饱和磁化强度和矫顽力等磁学特征上表现出和其余样品差别较大,分析认为这种差异可能是由于该层位的样品受到较多的磁性细菌产生的磁小体影响所致.样品的低温饱和剩磁测量表明样品中除了单畴(SD)磁铁矿之外,还存在多畴(MD)磁铁矿颗粒,利用粒度频率分布曲线对沉积物的来源进行了分析,表明Chiemsee湖的沉积物可能主要是沉积在湖泊周围的一些风积物在地表水流作用下,与一些粗粒级沙粒一并进入湖泊所形成,样品中的粗粒多畴磁铁矿可能是这些沉积物所携带的,与后期的磁性细菌关系不大.因此,沉积物中的磁学信号除了磁性细菌产生的磁小体的贡献以外,其他物源沉积物的贡献显然也是不可忽略的重要因素.     

宇宙成因核素在地质年代学研究中的新进展

根据地表暴露岩石或埋藏物中宇宙成因核素浓度可计算样品的暴露年龄或埋藏年龄,从而估算出研究区域的侵蚀速率和抬升速率等重要地质信息,该方法现已成为晚新生代地质和地貌变化研究的重要手段。概述了近5年来国内外宇宙成因核素在地质年代学研究中的最新进展,主要包括以下几个方面:①10Be研究进展,26Al/10Be双核素测年计算模型的改进和完善,以及21Ne的加入对26Al-10Be测年方法的拓展;②宇宙成因36Cl在碳酸盐岩中的研究和应用进展;③53Mn、41Ca等新核素的研究和应用;④宇宙成因核素测年技术在国内的应用进展。最后,分析了宇宙成因核素测年存在的主要问题及下一步重点研究方向。     

西北戈壁沙漠-黄土高原区表土磁化率特征及其意义

黄土高原表土磁化率与降水量呈良好的正相关性,为定量反演这一区域第四纪时期降水量变化提供了理论基础.通过对西北戈壁沙漠-黄土高原表土磁化率研究,表明表土磁化率与降水量的相关性出现在一定的降水范围内.其界限是年平均降水量200～ 300mm:高于这一界限,表土的磁化率、频率磁化率、百分比频率磁化率与降水量、相对湿度均呈现良好的正相关关系;低于这一界限,磁学参数与气候之间的相关性明显减弱,或者变得不明显.这是因为在该气候条件下,1)风化弱,成土组分贡献小,同时2)风积磁颗粒粒径粗,对磁化率影响较大的缘故.     

Estimation of the Recurrence Period of Strong Earthquakes in Zones of the Main Sayan and Tunka Faults according to the Data of Radiocarbon Dating and Statistical Analysis

The conventional radiocarbon ages of soil horizons limiting the timing of six fault-generating dis- placements within the East Sayan structure of the Main Sayan Fault and four displacements within the Tora structure of the Tunka Fault (M > 7) have been calibrated according to the IntCal04 calibration curve. It was revealed that between time periods of 12 Ka and 5.4 Ka years ago, the recurrence of earthquakes associated with movements along the faults in the East Sayan structure occurred once every 3000 years. After seismic quiescence, since 1100 years, one earthquake has occurred every 440 years. Using the Monte Carlo method, the possibility of the recurrence of strong earthquakes at different probability levels was considered. At a fre- quency probability of 95% the Main Sayan fault may be hazardous, dating from about 2120 AD. When low- ering the threshold probability to 72%, the beginning of the period of potential hazard is reduced to about 2030 AD. In both cases the maximum possibility of the occurrence of the next strong earthquake is not earlier than in the 22nd century. For the Tora structure, the periodicity of the recurrence of the earthquakes was esti- mated as 2800 yearsfor the past 11Ka with a probability of over 95% of the recurrence of earthquakes. This allows us to assume that currently the Tora structure is within the time interval of the potential risk of the recurrence of a strong earthquake.     

一次冷涡背景下次天气尺度系统对强对流环境场的影响

在同一东北冷涡背景下,2016年6月12—13日山西境内连续2 d出现强对流天气,12日为分散性对流而13日为大范围强对流。基于多源资料通过对比探讨次天气尺度系统及其演变对风暴环境进而对风暴结构的影响,得出以下结论：（1）两日风暴强度和风暴结构差异显著。6月12日对流孤立分散且回波强度小于55 dBZ,而13日准线性风暴发展成尺度较大的弓形回波引发大范围强对流天气,回波强度达60 dBZ。（2）此次过程的关键影响系统为冷涡背景下的次天气尺度低涡。12日次天气尺度低压扰动开始出现,距离远而未影响山西;13日低压扰动东移发展为次天气尺度切断低涡,低涡相关的地面冷锋及850 hPa切变线触发山西上游对流。（3）12日低层水汽含量低,0~3 km垂直风切变弱,13日低涡前偏南水汽输送使低层显著增湿,叠加中层干冷空气形成不稳定层结,受低涡影响0~3 km风垂直切变增强至5.0×10^-3 s^-1,冷锋触发的对流风暴在上述环境下强烈发展并产生阵风锋,阵风锋组织风暴形成飑线,冷池与0~3 km风切变相互作用使飑线维持。（4）13日有利于飑线发展的环境要素与东北冷涡西侧的次天气尺度切断低涡系统密切相关,次天气尺度低涡是飑线形成发展的关键系统。     

邢台地震启示录——中国地震科技发展战略走向分析之一

从国家层面总结了邢台地震的历史意义。同时从构建和谐社会保持可持续发展的政治需要、中国基本国情的需要、国际竞争和国防安全的需要、凸现的巨大市场需求等四个方面分析了邢台地震给中国地震工作者的启示。邢台地震工作在中国地震事业发展历程中所具有的开创性意义永垂不朽。     

青藏高原动力和热力作用对热带大气环流影响的数值研究

应用在CCM3气候模式基础上发展的一个CCM3(R15L9)长期预报模式 ,进一步研究了青藏高原热力和动力作用对夏季热带地区大气环流的影响。结果表明 :在 6月初夏季节 ,青藏高原动力和热力作用在 30°N和 30°S一带有明显的增温效果 ,有利于北半球副热带西风减弱北移、热带高层东风增强北进、南半球西风带北压和赤道中低层西风形成和加强。加速了季节转换过程 ,有利于增强越赤道气流和南北半球的大气交换作用 ,还有利于在南海、菲律宾以东海面上热带气旋的形成和发展 ,以及140°E以东热带太平洋地区的东风波动的形成和发展     

Warming and drying trends on the Tibetan Plateau (1971–2005)

Annual and seasonal trends in maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were examined with the goal of understanding trends in temperature and moisture across the Tibetan Plateau, using meteorological data (1971–2005) collected at 63 stations. Trends in pan evaporation (PE; 1971–2001, 68 stations) and runoff (1971–2002) in the headwater of the Yellow River were also analysed. Positive trends in maximum and minimum temperatures were observed across the Tibetan Plateau. The highest increases were observed during winter, with results from the majority of stations statistically significant at the 95% level. A decrease trend in diurnal temperature range (DTR) was also observed. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation and VPD were positive, while the trend in PE was negative. However, the increase in precipitation was not as pronounced as the increase in temperature. Although PE decreased during the time series, actual evaporation probably increased because of the warming across the Tibetan Plateau, where the annual potential water loss measured as PE is three to four times the annual water supply by precipitation. Warming was expected to increase evapotranspiration, causing more water vapour to escape into the atmosphere, thus counteracting or even exceeding the slight increase in precipitation. The increases in annual and seasonal VPD trends indicated a drying tendency and were further substantiated by the observed decrease in runoff in the headwater catchment of the Yellow River. The results provided insight into recent climatic changes across the Tibetan Plateau.